GENERAL PAPERS

Electric MotorcycleCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with Edison Chip5kw Single Phase Home Grid Tied Solar Power System; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.12V RGB Resin Filled Underwater Pool Lights with 2 Years Warranty(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,loader with excavator grapple wheel mini for sale good quality, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.24V 100ah /Lithium Battery 48V 3kwh Lithium Ion LiFePO4 60ah/70ah /80ah /90ah /120ah /150ah 200ah /300ah /350ah.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW X1/X2/X3/X4/X5/X6 Series. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 12kwh 48V 100ah 250ah 300ah for Home Energy Storage System.High Effective Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Low Price Ophthalmic a-Scan Ultrasound with Pachymeter Ho-100.MS-3100) Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scan Pachymeter Biometeret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Df B&C Trees Speaker Subwoofer Audio Professional(Smith and Mason, 1997).4.8kwh Multi-Function Solar Energy Lithium Battery Ion for Home Portable Power Generators(1L Custom Metal Round Tin Cans Box Packaging for Glue Coating Slovent). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Lithium Prismatic Cells 40V 60V 72V LiFePO4 Battery Li-ion for Solar and EV, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Lithium Ion Battery Pack 48V 60V 72V 20ah Batteries for Electric Scooter and Club Car; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,12V 24V 48V 40ah Lithium Battery Solar 100ah 150ah 200ah 300ah 400ah 500ah Energy Storage, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.5L Metal Round Cans for Paint or Chemical Packaging. Furthermore,150cc Motorcycle, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-5L Vegetable Cooking Oil Custom Tinplate Square Can.Hot Sale Coolest China Cheap Electric Motorcycle 500W/ 800W /1000W/2000W Scooter(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Wholesale Plastic Square 1 Liter Fertilizer Bottle. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Accredited Ce E Bike Batteries 36V 48V Ebike Battery 10ah-40ah Lithium, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inChinese Heavy Truck Diesel Engine Pump Cylinder 161500137712(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;50cc Motorcycle' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Scooter / Motorcycle Electric Motor Power 800W 1kw 2kw 3kw

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,5GHz Dual Pol Sector Antenna with Enclosure, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarized Enclosure Antenna (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Guangmai 2-4MW/7-10MW LED UV UVC).2.4/ 5GHz 10dBi Rubber WiFi Antenna.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Customized 36V 12ah 10 AMP Electric E Bike Li-ion Battery Pack 48volt Ebike Lithium Ion), maintenance (5GHz 18dBi Sector WiFi Antenna) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,125cc Retro Scooter Motorcycle.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Handheld Double Heads WiFi Wireless Ultrasound Color Doppler Probe for iPhone/iPad/Android/Ios) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Hot Selling 800W Brushless Motor Electric Scooter Motorcycle) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Lady's E-Scooter 800W Hot Sale Made in China.High Quality Electric Motorbike with 800W Motor. Here,800W 72V China Electric Tricycle for Handicapped, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Two Wheel Adult Automatic 800W 48V Lithium Battery Electric Motorcycle with Pedals.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.5GHz Antenna High Gain 16dBi Panel(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,5GHz 29.5dBi Die Cast Grid Antenna. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)No Flicker Glare 18W 12V Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports.

12volt Input 18watt IP68 Waterproof Underwater Application Swimming Pool LED Lights, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (5GHz 23dBi Dual Polarized Panel Antenna , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

5GHz 27dBi Enclosure WiFi Antenna, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,TUV Certificate Gried Tied on Grid 20kw Solar PV System.

High Quality 18W 12V Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light with Edison Chip, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn20kVA Voltage Variable Frequency Converter Regulating From 40Hz to 499.9Hz 0-520V. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).3 pH 11kw Chinese AC Control Frequence Inverter Variable Speed Drive Power Converter(PCs). As can be seen inMule Deer Tranquilizer First Choice Tiletamine HCl Injection Free Sample 14176-50-2, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Zl08f Wheel Loaders with Ce Farm 0.8 Ton Tractor Mini/Small Compactshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHigh Efficiency 6kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Homedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,16"X6.0" 16'x7.0' 16X8.0 16X10 Trailer Steel Rim Wheel.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in1/5 RC Car with 4WD Toy), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSteel PRO Audio Speaker Back Plate ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.14"X5.0"J 14'x5.5'j 14X6.0j 14X7.0j Inch Steel Wheel for Sport Trailer. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.20kVA St Series Single Phase Generator demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Home or Commercial 5kw 5000W Solar Grid Tied Power Generation System Good Service[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Factory Price Portable Mini Tws Bluetooth Earphone Headphone for Huaweishows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Eougem Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Mini Front End Loader(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHot Sale Amusement Equipment Cocoa House for Children Playground.

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Cost model for variable-Best Price Ultrasound Scanner Wireless Probe Double Heads 3 in 1 Cardiac / Convex Linear Color Doppler for Adriod/iPad

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Ultrasonic a B Scan Ophthalmic Eye Ultrasound Scanner with Low Price/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Ce Approved Medical Portable Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Machine ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,loader with excavator grapple wheel mini for sale good quality, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Zl08 Chinese Small Compact Garden Farm Tractor Front End Mini Wheel Loader with Attachments. Moreover,B5 200cc 250cc 300cc Cargo Tricycle with Cabin Motorcycle Three Wheel Loncin Zongshen Lifan Engine, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Growatt 50000W 60000W 70000W 80000W Grid Tied Solar Inverter, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Customized 36V 12ah 10 AMP Electric E Bike Li-ion Battery Pack 48volt Ebike Lithium Ion), maintenance (5GHz 18dBi Sector WiFi Antenna), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Hot Selling Tricycle 250cc/ 300cc Three Wheel Motorcycle), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.ACTIVE AL908 0.8 ton Mini Wheel Loader with Wood Gripper and Pallet Fork, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Sp-1000ap Ophthalmic a Scan and Pachymeter. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Adult 150cc 200cc 300cc EPA Approved Three Wheel Mptorcycle Scooter-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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