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Wooden Effect Click Vinyl Plank WPC Flooring Chinese Supplier
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Dare 10inch Passive Line Array Sound SystemCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.TCP/IP Network 15W Poe Active Horn Speaker Waterproof Outdoor UseSingle 10 Inch Active Speaker PS10r2 PA System; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.99% Proparacaine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 5875-06-9(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Professional Speaker PRO Audio System Compact Line Array PA Lq10, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Weight Loss Raw Powder Rimonabant with Good Effects 168273-06-1.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
125541 -22-2 Piperidine 1-N-Boc-4- , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,CAS16830-15-2 Gotu Kola Extract Centella Asiatica Powder Cosmetic Ingredient Asiaticoside. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Blended Powder Oil Liquid Ripex 225 for Muscle Growth.Good Effect for Treating Infertility in Women Clom CAS: 911-45-5(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Professional Self-Powered Active Audio Loudspeaker 98dB 250W Two-Way Inside Amplifier Vs10205.White Crystal or Powder Xylazine Xylazin CAS 7361-61-7 for Animalet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Factory Price Portable Mini Tws Bluetooth Earphone Headphone for Huawei(Smith and Mason, 1997).professional Line-Array Dual12" Three-Way Tri-AMP Ease Features 150W 300W 750W 16 Omega Sound Reinforcement System with Vt312190816(PC/PMMA/GPPS Optical Plate/Board Extrusion Making Machine/Extruder). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Xylazine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 23076-35-9 for Antinociceptive, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Bulksupplement Vitamin a Acetate 0.5miu Ws Feed Grade CAS No 127-47-9; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Low Price Malonic Acid / Propanedioic CAS 141-82-2, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.2 Way Active Full Range Speaker Mini Portable Powered Loudspeaker. Furthermore,L-Arginine Nutritional Supplements Arginine Flavoring Agents, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Indoor DJ Stage Two Way Active Line Array Cabinet Box.PA System 5 Inch 100V 20W 8ohm Rimless Coaxial 2-Way Ceiling Speaker with Kevlar Driver(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.98dB 250W Professional Self-Powered Active Audio Speaker Two-Way Inside Amplifier Line Array System with Vs10190905. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Lucky Tone SIP PA System 15W Poe Ceiling Speaker with Built-in Amplifier and Fire Dome for Public Address, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh Quality Cosmetic Grade Hydroxyacetic Acid Glycolic CAS 79 -14-1(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Glycine Methyl Ester Hydrochloride ' names:
►Isoquinoline-5-Sulphonyl Chloride Hydrochloride CAS 105627- 79 -0: based on 36-foot,Vitamin a Palmitate 1.0m,High Purity 99% Oxalyl Chloride with Good Quality,2-Cyclohexylethanol , and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,L-Pyroglutamic Acid
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Reliable Supplier of Chlorphenesin/104-29-0 with Best Price in Stock! !, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Vitamin a Palmitate Powder 500 Cws-Gfp(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Rice Parboiler Machine 10tpd Parboiled Mill Machines for Sale).L-Pyroglutamic Acid.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (China Hot-Selling Glycolic Acid Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price), maintenance (Supply High Purity Oxalyl Chloride CAS: 79 -37-8) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Fatory Supply Thiosemicarbazide CAS 79 -19-6.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (High Quality Retinoic Acid ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (High Quality 98% Tretinoin ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Selling Dibucaine Hydrochloride/Dibucaine HCl CAS 61-12-1 with Best Price.Sugammadex Sodium CAS 343306- 79 -6 Manufacturer and Supplier. Here,Pharmaceutical 1% Huperzine a Powder Novel Treatment Alzheimer's Drugs CAS: 120786-18-7 Canada Sample Free, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Rifamycin S 96% CAS: 13553- 79 -2.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Professional Audio Speaker System Sing 8 Inch Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-High Quality Hydroxyacetic Acid Glycolic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Outdoor PA System Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array Speaker. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Plant Extract Huperzine a 1% Nootropics CAS: 102518- 79 -6.
High Quality Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride Powder Feed Grade CAS 79 -57-2, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Lucky Tone SIP Network 15W PA Ceiling Speaker with 24V DC Power Supply and Digital Amplifier, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
High Purity Amino Acid L-Arginine Powder, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Potassium 2.
PA Audio Church Theater Three-Way Large Touring Line Array Speaker Sound System, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnProfessional Speaker System Single 8 Inch 200W Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Factory Supply Top Quality Cooling Agent Ws-3 CAS 39711- 79 -0(PCs). As can be seen in7.5 Liter Protein Powder Tubs Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Professional Audio Speaker Single 8 Inch 200W Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2,Professional Speaker System Single 15 Inch High Power Line Array Aw15(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Food Packaging Vacuum Pouchillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Inverter with Factory Price 3 Phase 60Hz to 50Hz 380V Variable Frequency Driveshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileMassage Bathtubdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,PA Speaker Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PRO Audio.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in2021 Simple Design White Black Colors Aluminum Material Modern Lighting Lamp), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCe Certification Plastic PP Blue Color Masterbatch) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Hench Hot Sales Raw Material Powder Oxytetracycline. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.45kw Mf Induction Heating Machine Heaterdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx1020[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Self Powered Generator Double 8 Inch Outdoor Sound Indoor Line Arrayshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Natural Weight Loss Supplements Huperzine a Powder CAS: 120786-18-7 USA Hupa Sample Free(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHot-Selling Nylon Makeup Bag Black Solid Color Handbag Gift Package Dumplings Processing Custom Logo.
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Cost model for variable-Pharmaceutical Chemical Tretinoin Powder with Excllect Effect Safe Ship
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].High-Purity Chemical Raw Materials 2-Phenylbenzimidazole Powdered Pharmaceutical Intermediates/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.2-Aminoanthraquinone CAS No 117- 79 -3; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Professional Speaker PRO Audio System Compact Line Array PA Lq10, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Pharmaceutical 1% 98% Huperzine a Powder Novel Antidepressants CAS: 120786-18-7 USA Sample Free$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.China Supply 1, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)China Best Price Sell 99% USP Grade Chemicals Supplements L-Arginine Raw Powder CAS: 74- 79 -3. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech 3-Dimethylaminophenylboronic Acid CAS 178752- 79 -9. Moreover,Safe Shipping with Good Price Tretinoin Powder, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Dpc Diphenyl Carbonate CAS 102-09-0, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (China Hot-Selling Glycolic Acid Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price), maintenance (Supply High Purity Oxalyl Chloride CAS: 79 -37-8), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Bloom Tech Chemical Material Topiramate CAS 97240- 79 -4), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.100% Water Soluble Vitamin a Palmitate Powder Retinyl, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,China Supplier of CAS 702- 79 -4 1. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Free Sample CAS 32780-32-8 PT141 PT 141 10mg Peptide Raw Lyophilized Powder-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.High Quality Tretinoin 302- 79 -4 with Good Price.3-Amino-4-Pyrazolecarboxamide Hemisulfate Salt CAS No 27511- 79 -1.Free Sample Ortho Phthalaldehyde 643- 79 -8 with Fast Delivery Manufacture in China, Montreal. 265 pp. [Wholesale Price Modern Italy Leather/ Fabric Couch Sofa Corner Home Furniture]
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Prasad, L. 1969.Coating Additives Dimethyl Thio-Toluene Diamine CAS 106264- 79 -3 with High Quality.Powered Speaker System for Home Theater, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15. [Single 10inch Two Ways Professional Line Array Loudspeaker Bi AMP B&C Imported Driver with Vk10]
Lucky Tone SIP Network 15W PA Ceiling Speaker with 24V DC Power Supply and Digital Amplifier, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Cosmetic Grade L-Arginine with High Quality.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Two-Way Single 10 " Professional Waterproof Speaker]
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USBM. 1987.320000 Iu CAS127-47-9 Retinyl Vitamin a Acetate/Retinol Acetate,Chinese Factory Special Cosmetic Raw Materials for Wrinkle Removal and Moisturizing High Purity Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Car Logo Body Sticker ABS Chrome Emblem for Toyota]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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