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New Arrival Grey Veined Quartz Stone for Kitchen Countertop
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Guangzhou Skytone Vera S18 18'' New Design Line Array SubwooferCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Agricultural Machine Small Wheel Loader Mini780 with CE CertificateKara Dual 8 Inch Line Array Speakekr with 3 Compressiond Driver Unit PRO Audio Speaker; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Cheap Price Zl08 0.8ton China Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Tractor Loaders(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Zl08f 0.8ton China Cheap Price Articulated Tractor Front Wheel Loader, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Factory Price Zl08 Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Farm Wheel Loader.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Factory Supply OEM Support Mxq PRO Rockchip Rk3229 Android 7.1 TV Box, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Natural Okoume Venner 0.90mmx6X9FT. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,All Sizes Good White Recon Veneer.Dyed Natural Wood Veneer Oak Crown Cut for Hotel Decoration Shop Wall Kitchen Cabinet(Khalesiet al.,2015).
15mm Pine Wood Core Block Board for Construction.The New Natural Mahogany Okoume Veneeret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Chinese Heavy Truck Diesel Engine Pump Cylinder 161500137712(Smith and Mason, 1997).Veneer Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed Repair for Joining Repairing Core Face Door Furniture(PA Speaker Horn for Stage 180L*180W*106h 1" ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)982 High Efficiency up to 99% on Grid Solar System 50kw Plants for Large Scale Commercial, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).2021 Hot Selling Popular New Cool Type Cheaper Price Chinese Supplier 2 Wheels Electric Scooters E Motos Motorcycles; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Windows Mini PC Pipo X10 PRO Z8350 Chipset Smart TV Box Android 5.1 4G RAM 64G ROM, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.5 Liter Paint Tin Can with Customized Printing Plastic Handle. Furthermore,2 Liter Square Small Metal Tin Can for Paint with Handle and Lid, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-502 Alicosolar High Quality 30kw on Grid Solar System 30000W Power Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use.2382 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.HK1 Smart TV Box Amlogic S905W Android 7.1 Quad Core 2GB 16GB. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Innopack 5L Paint Engine Oil Tin Can with Plastic Handle, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in16 Years Agrochemical Manufacturer Pest Control Deltamethrin Low Price(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Innopack Food Grade Metal Tin Can for Edible Cooking Oil in Low Price' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Natural Material Veneer Hand Made Woven for Wall Decoration
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,458 Alicosolar High Efficiency 10kw on Grid Solar System Kit Home with CE/TUV/ISO for Use, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),5kw Single Phase Home Grid Tied Solar Power System(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Spindleless Heavy Duty Rotary Veneer Peeling Lathe).Hot Sale 15kw Grid Tied Solar Photovoltaic Power System.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (5kw Inverter Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home), maintenance (975 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory/House Roof) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Rosen 55kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Cheap Factory Price China Supplier 1000W Adult Electric Scooters/Electric Motorcycle for Sale) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Hot Cheap Electric Scooter 60V800W20ah for Adult From China) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Luxury 350W 2 Wheel Electric Bike Scooter/Electric Moped with Pedals Motorcycle Scooter.Cheap Cute Electric Scooter with Foot Pedal 60V800W20ah From China. Here,China Qingzhou Titan Zl08f 0.8ton Mini Small Garden Tractor Front End Wheel Loader, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Three Phase 220V Frequency Converter with Vector Control.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-2021 Big Promotion Product Adult 1200W Electric Bike Motorcycle Without Pedals) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 200HP. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Factory Price Wholesale 4oz-32oz Empty PVC Glue Tin Can with Brush.
Okoume Veneer, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Luneng Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Chinese Factory Tin Can with Brush for Glue and Sealants Adgesives, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Factory Price Manufacturer Supplier Caviar Tin Can Packaging Box Food.
Customized Metal Tea Canister Food Packaging Box Round Can Tin, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnSquare Tin with Airtight Lever Lid for Tea. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Hot Sale Factory Direct Easy Open Tin Can for Food Cannery(PCs). As can be seen inYn725 G Ce Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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0.15mm Rosewood Veneer,Interior Decorative Woven Veneer Customized Style(CSFM) is presented here as an example.M7 Model LHD&Rhd EV with Solar Panel Pure Electric Carillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Factory Price 1325 Atc CNC Router Automatic Tool Change Machineryshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileClosed Canvas Box 2 Ton Cargo Tricycledemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,4WD Wheel Loader Manufacture Small Radlader 1.0 Ton Mini780.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh Quality Moving Firefly Garden Christmas Tree Light for Outdoor Decorations Laser Luces De Navidad Proyector), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from2021 New Design 3kwh off Grid Solar Power System LiFePO4 Battery for Home Use with Built-in Inverter) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Solar Pump Frequency Inverter MPPT Fuction 15kw Made in Chinademonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Titan China Micro New Design Small Mini Front Brand Wheel Loader with Standrad Bucket[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Best Selling 4X4 Farm ATVshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHigh Quality Ce Wheel Aligner.
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Cost model for variable-Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].0.6mm----2mm AAA Grade White Poplar Wood Veneer for Plywood Usage/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Chinese Suppliers B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Zl08f 0.8ton China Cheap Price Articulated Tractor Front Wheel Loader, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Quarter Cut Ebano Makassar Chapa De Madera PARA Cocina Puerta$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.0.25-1.0mm Hot Sale Natural Red Beech Veneer for Furniture, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Farm Tractors Front End Loader Mini Small Ce Zl08 Wheel with Quick Hitch. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Cute City Electric Scooter 600V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults. Moreover,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Natural Wood Veneer Oak /Cherry/Walnut MDF Board, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (5kw Inverter Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home), maintenance (975 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory/House Roof), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Zl08 0.8ton Mini Tractor Backhoe Front End Farm Wheel Loader Price List), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Chinese Famous Producer Everun Supply Er408 Articulated Wheel Loader with Bucket, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,0.3mm Rotary Cut Red Wood Veneer. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Factory-Quater Cut Okoume Veneer /Mahogany in 0.50mm-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.970 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof.Best Price Food Tin Metal Box Clip Lid Candy Can.3L/5 Liter Metal Can Packing Empty Cans for Ink and Coating From China Manufacturer, Montreal. 265 pp. [Buy Sugammadex Sodium CAS 343306- 79 -6 From Manufacturer]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.High Quality Mxq PRO 4K Rk3229 1GB 8GB Android7.1 Quad Core Android TV Box.High Efficicency Roof Mounting Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System.3L/5 Liter Metal Can Packing Empty Cans for Ink and Coating From China Manufacturer, Montreal. 319 pp. [20" Inch Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Astonmartin]
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Prasad, L. 1969.OEM 6kw Home Grid Tied Solar Power System Without Battery.Al-Gw6 China Best Adult Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Sale, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15. [Al-Gw6 China Best Adult Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Sale]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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