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Tnd Single Phase 220V 50Hz Voltage Stabilizer 8kVA
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Alone Type Wraped Beam Leaves Iron Padlock Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Polyamide ResinChina Gas Scooters 2 Stroke Euro 4 125cc Moto Moped Motor EPA 49cc 50cc 150cc EEC Motorcycle Gasoline Scooter; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Co-Soluble Polyamide Resin with Top Quality(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Alcohol Polyamide Resin for Printing Ink, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Popular Alcohol Soluble Polyamide Resin for Gravure Ink.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Polyamide Resin with Benzene Soluble for Printing Inks, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Alcohol Soluble Polyamide Resin for Printing Ink. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Supply Rosin Modified Polyamide Resin for Paint.Farwell P-Hydroxy Benzaldehyde with High Purity 99.5%(Khalesiet al.,2015).
High Quality Benzaldehyde with Fast Delivery.Supply Alcohol Soluble Polyamide Resin for Inket al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Factory Direct Supply 2 Wheels No Folding Elderly Electric Motorcycle(Smith and Mason, 1997).CAS No. 151103-09-2 4- (Color Changing Swimming Pool Lights). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Sophisticated Price of Polyamide Resin for Whosale, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).100% Purity Phenol Polyamide Resin; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,High Polyamide Resin, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Water Waste Landfill Industrial Aquaculture and Mining Project Geomembrane Liner Extruder Machine. Furthermore,Hot Sale Hy-688 Polyamide Resin, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-100% High Purity Polyamide Resin for Ink.Jwell-PVC Plastic Rigid Transparent Sheet Thickness 0.3-3mm Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Making Machine for Electrics Packing(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Polyamide Resin. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Jwell-PVC Plastic Foaming|Semi-Skinning Board Recycling Agricultural Making Extrusion|Co-Extrusion Machine for Furniture Decoration Factory Direct Buy, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inEurope Hot Sell Electric Motorcycle Long Distance The Battery Removable DIY Sticker Cartoon(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Geomembrane Making Machine' names:
►Spoke Wheel 26-Inch 21-Speed Top with Bicycle: based on 36-foot,26 Inch Mountain Bike From China Bicycle,PE Waterproof Roll Extrusion Machine,PE Extra-Width Geomembrane/Waterproof Sheet Extrusion Line, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,PE Geomembrane/Waterproof Sheet Extrusion Line
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,6speed 20inch Wheel Aluminum Alloy Folding Mountain Bike, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Bike Hidden Folding Mountain Ebike Suspension Bicycle(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Hotel Textiles Cotton Linen Snowflake Texture Upholstery Decorative Couch Fabric).Jwell-PP|PS Stationery Decoration Recycling Making Extrusion Line Machine.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Factory Wholesale Direct Sale Bicycle Folding Mountain Bike 26 Inch Variable Speed Double Shock Absorber), maintenance (Hot Sale Am 20 "Mountain Bike with 21 Speeds) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8637n Multicolor Metal Effect Paints.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Adult Foldable Fold Road Bike MTB Mountain Bicycle Sdc -902) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8637n Multicolor Metal Effect) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Iron Oxide Yellow for Pet Feeds.Cosmetic Ultramarine Violet Soap Pigment Matte Manufacturer. Here,Cosmetic Grade Ultramarine Violet Manufacturer, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Factory Supply Benzaldehyde CAS 100-52-7 99% with Best Price in Stock.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Dimer Acid Based Polyamide Resin for The Epoxy Material(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Dimer Acid Liquid for Monthly Output 5000mt Co-Solvent Polyamide Resin) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Weather Resistance Nylon Polyamide Resin. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)High Purity 2.
Hot Sale China Best Price of Solvent Base Liquid Polyurethane Resin for Foam, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (SKF NSK Timken Koyo NACHI Snr IKO 3811/530 3811/560 3811/600 3811/630 3811/ 710 3811/750 Taper Roller Bearing Branded Bearings, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Single Row Cylindrical Roller Bearing , R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Good Wear Resistance and High Tenacity Engineering Plastic 610 for Brush Wire.
OLED Intermediates 2-, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnZys Hot Sale Wind Turbine Bearing 010.30.560/630/ 710. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Large Size Spherical Roller Bearing 239/600 239/630 239/670 239/ 710 Ca Cc MB Cage Self-Aligning(PCs). As can be seen in20MHz RF Best Technology for Skin Tighten, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Dust Collector Machine Wood,CAS No: 67700-43-0 Esters Soluble Liquid PU Polyurethane Resin for Inks(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Solar Inverter Pump Inverters 5.5kwillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Euro 4 Certificateshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileCAS No.: 67-63-0 Ipa 99.9%/ Isopropyl Alcohol Isopropanol 99.9% Used for Pharmaceuticaldemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,High Adhesion Polyurethane PU Resin for Printing Ink.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in2021 New Product Round Design High Quality Aluminum Door Closer), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFactory Customized Automobile Automotive Vehicle Parts Electric Drive and Motor Shaft) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Top Selling Polyurethane Adhesive Resin. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Premium quality and very competitive price for Permethrin 25% ECdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Jwell PLA Pet Sheet Cup Packing Making Extrusion Line Machine[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Quality Cow Poultry House Farm/ Greenhouse Ventilation Fan Made in Chinashows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.PA Resin for Gravure Plastic and Paper Printing Ink(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in7PCS Sequined High-End Foundation Cosmetic Eyebrow Eyeshadow Brush Set Holder Beauty Cosmetics Tools.
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Cost model for variable-Jwell-PLA Pet Sheet Recycling Cup Packing Making Extrusion Machine
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Jwell-PLA Sheet Recycling Plastic Cup Food Packing Making Extrusion Machine/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Good Performance Polyurethane PU Resin for Gravure Printing Ink; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Alcohol Polyamide Resin for Printing Ink, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Jwell HDPE Waterproof Membrance Roll Extrusion Line. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Silo Top Pulse Jet Dust Collectors Collector Hopper for Cement, indicated inZl08 0.8ton Mini Tractor Backhoe Front End Farm Wheel Loader Price List, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Film$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Dust Collector Woodworking Machinery Supplier, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Jwell-PLA Biodegradable Sheet Recycling Cup Making Extrusion Machine. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Excellent Gel Resistance Ability Polyamide Resin. Moreover,Jwell PP/PC Sheet Extrusion Equipment, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (High Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weigher with Manual Lifter, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Factory Wholesale Direct Sale Bicycle Folding Mountain Bike 26 Inch Variable Speed Double Shock Absorber), maintenance (Hot Sale Am 20 "Mountain Bike with 21 Speeds), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,High Toughness and Tensile Strength Resin 610), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Toughness High Engineering Plastics 610 for Auto Parts, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Three Heads Woodworking Machine Atc CNC Router. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weigher with Hand Manual Jack-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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