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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.0.6mm----2mm AAA Grade White Poplar Wood Veneer for Plywood Usage(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Chinese Suppliers B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Wolf Baumaschinen Zl08 Radlader with Canopy.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Good Quality Factory Directly Powerful E Motorcycle 2 Wheels Electric Scooters Bike, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Quarter Cut Ebano Makassar Chapa De Madera PARA Cocina Puerta. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,0.25-1.0mm Hot Sale Natural Red Beech Veneer for Furniture.Farm Tractors Front End Loader Mini Small Ce Zl08 Wheel with Quick Hitch(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Cute City Electric Scooter 600V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabinet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Custom Printed Food Grade Ziplock Plastic Pouch Packaging Bag(Smith and Mason, 1997).Natural Wood Veneer Oak /Cherry/Walnut MDF Board(Fatory Supply Thiosemicarbazide CAS 79 -19-6). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Zl08 0.8ton Mini Tractor Backhoe Front End Farm Wheel Loader Price List, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Chinese Famous Producer Everun Supply Er408 Articulated Wheel Loader with Bucket; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,0.3mm Rotary Cut Red Wood Veneer, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Factory-Quater Cut Okoume Veneer /Mahogany in 0.50mm. Furthermore,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Gurjan Veneer Keruing.Everun CE Approved 0.8 Ton Front End Loader(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Empty Lubricant Oil Tin Can Packaging for Motor. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (974 Solar 30kw 40kw 50kw on Grid Tie Power System for House/Factory Roof, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inErbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier Optical Power Adjustable (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;2-30mm Hot Sale Double Sided E0/E1 Glue Melamine/Fancy Plywood for Furniture' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Best Price Food Tin Metal Box Clip Lid Candy Can

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,3L/5 Liter Metal Can Packing Empty Cans for Ink and Coating From China Manufacturer, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),High Quality Mxq PRO 4K Rk3229 1GB 8GB Android7.1 Quad Core Android TV Box(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Tall Bathtubs/Silver Bathtub/Glass Bathtub Freestanding).High Efficicency Roof Mounting Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (488 Alicosolar High Quality 20kw on Grid Solar System 20000W Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use), maintenance (969 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,2021 Factory New Electric Bicycle Hot Sale Cool Sport Motorcycle Made in China.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Rosen 9kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Frequency Converter 200HP Three Phases) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Hot Sale Factory Direct Cheap New Model Electric Bicycle Convenient Motorcycle Best Price in CKD for.OEM 6kw Home Grid Tied Solar Power System Without Battery. Here,Al-Gw6 China Best Adult Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Sale, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-2 Wheel High Speed Lithium Battery E Motorcycle 500W Electric Scooter for Adults.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.800kg Wolf Zl08 Wheel Hoflader Loader Mini Bagger with Attachments(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-High Quality Cheap Custom Logo Printing Round Metal Cans with Lids) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Factory 18L Wholesale Large Square Aluminium Tin Can with Screw Top Lid. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Hot Sale Factory Direct Colorful Electric Motorcycle for Passenger Made in China.

Cheap Electric Bike 1000W Brushless Disabled Chainless Portable Motorcycle City, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Square Engine Oil Tin Can with Screw Cap Manufacturer Lid, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 150HP, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 125HP.

Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 160HP, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnFrequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 60HP. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 75HP(PCs). As can be seen in5.8g Omni Antenna/Dual Frequency Antenna 2.4G 5.8g/2400-2500MHz Omi, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.800W 60V20ah Brushless Electric Motorcyclesshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileQuality Guaranteed BMK White Powder CAS: 16648-44-5 Glycidatedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inGood Price 5W Flood Light Solar LED IP65 Waterproof), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromRC Factory Supply Chemcial Disodium Glycyrrhetate Powder with CAS 71277- 79 -7 as Food Additives) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Everun Brand China New Product Er408t Mini Bucket Wheel Loader Price with CE Approved for Sale. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.100% Water Soluble Vitamin a Palmitate Powder Retinyldemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,3HP Three Phase Frequency Converter[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Mylar Custom Printed Plastic Weed Bag Stand up Pouch with Zippershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inDubai UAE 2021 National Day Souvenir Gifts Metal Flag Lapel Pins.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].957 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.China E-Bike Manufacturer Dropship Electro Motorcycle Electric Beach Cruiser Bicycle Chopper for Girls; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Chinese Suppliers B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Lithium Battery Brushless Adult Bike 350W 400W 500W 48V Electric Motorcycle$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Solar Energy System 10kw 15kw Grid Tied Hybrid PV, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.2385 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use. Moreover,Red Oak Veneered MDF for Interior Design and Renovations, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Zl08 0.8ton China Articulated Tractor Front End Wheel Loader Yard, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (488 Alicosolar High Quality 20kw on Grid Solar System 20000W Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use), maintenance (969 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Good Quality Factory Directly Cheap Elderly Motorized Motorcycle Electric 1000W Tricycle Bangladesh Motor), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Everun Brand Mini Front End Loader 0.8 Ton Wheel, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Zl08 800kg China Small Garden Tractor with Front Loader Yard. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Hot Sale 48V 20ah Powerful Chinese Chopper Electric Motorcycle 350W for Adults-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

References

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Mular, A.L. 1982.Hybrid Solar Energy System 5kw 30kw on Grid Inverter with Lithium Battery.955 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate.0.18mm Zebra Wooden Veneer, Montreal. 265 pp.         [Shrink Wrapping Machine for Water Packing ]

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Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.954 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575.         [Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste]

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USBM. 1987.Factory-Slicer Natural American Red Oak Veneer in 0.50mm,Top Selling Two Person Pedal Scooters Moped Electric Motorcycle with Removable Battery-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp.         [Customer Logo China Ceramic Coffee Mug 10oz 12oz 14oz]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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