GENERAL PAPERS

N- Cost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Natural Wood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets ComaccordOffset Quadrant Enclosure Bath Room Tempered Glass Shower Cabin Cubicles; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Quality Ebony Engineered Wood Veneer for Hot Sale(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,China Manufacturer Decorative Engineered Wood Veneer, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Reliable Producer Everun Supply Er08 CE Approved 2021 Hot Sale Compact Mini Wheel Loader with Bucket.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Gabon Okoume Veneer a B C D Grade From Factory to India, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Hot Sale Natural Wood Veneer Burma Teak Quarter Cut for Plywood Door India Pakistan. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Hot Sale Birch Wood Veneer Core for Plywood.Pendoo X10 Max International Best Custom Set Top Box 4GB 32GB TV Converter Ott 4K Smart Android(Khalesiet al.,2015).

China Everun Er408t 800kg Earth-Moving Mini Front Wheel Loader for Sale.Zl08 800kg Mini Tractors with Front End Dumper Loaderet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 2021 Popular Outdoor LCD display Alone Instagram Photo Booth(Smith and Mason, 1997).China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Buy Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Oil Filter Best Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale(2.4- 5GHz MIMO Omni Antenna with 2.4G Network System). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 22kw, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).AC Drive for Bridge Crane VFD Using Mono Overhead 3pH 380V 15kw; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Construction Machine Mini Loader Zl08 with Factory Price Front End, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Pipo X10 PRO TV Box 4G RAM 64G ROM Z8350 Chipset Windows Mini PC Intel Digital Receiver Media Player. Furthermore,Hybrid 3kw Solar Grid Tied Roof Top System Home Power, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Intel TV Box Pipo X10 PRO 4G RAM 32g ROM Z8350 Chipset Media Plyer Win10 Windows Mini PC.Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Fan Speed Controller Solar Power Inverter China(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Mini 220V Single Phase Input 2.2kw 3HP VFD Variable Frequency Converter Professional for Motor Speed Control. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Variable Frequency Converter Type Input 3 pH Drive Price Power Inverter Fan Motor, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle Tubeless/Tube Tire ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;General Type Input 3 pH 380V Frequency Converter Variable AC Drive' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Zl08 0.8ton Articulated Hydraulic Farm Wheel Loader Tractor

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Popular hot selling 0.8ton mini wheel loader/ front end loader with bucket on sale, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),China New Design Everun Er408 Mini Small Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Pump(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Eco-Friendly Agarbatti First Layer Bamboo Incense Sticks AAA Grade).3 Phase AC Drive for Water Pump and Fan.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (910 Alicosolar 10kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate), maintenance (E0 Glue1250*2500mm Wenge Engineer Veneer for Decoration) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Wood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Rotary Cut Bintagor Veneer for Panels and Furniture with Good Price) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (High Quanlity 1 Phase 3 AC Drive VFD for Pump) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Factory-Okoume Veneer 0.25mm-0.60mm in a and B Grade.Engineered Ebony Veneer Ecowood Reconstituted Macassar Quarter Cut. Here,899 Alicosolar 9kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Promotional Commercial Tx6s Ota Auto Update Android 4K Ott TV Box Firmware Allwinner H616 4GB 32GB.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.3phase VFD(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-0.75kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Round Gloss Tin Can Metal for Edible Olive Oil Canning. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Universal Vector Inverter.

Frequency Inverter 220V 50/60Hz 60HP Three Phases Acdrive, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (High-Performance Variable Frequency Inverter 3-Phase 380V, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Wl80 Mini Loader From Wolf, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Wolf Mini Wheel Loader Wl950 Farm.

Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnTin Cans with Metal Cover for Paint or Chemical Packaging. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Yihe Brand 300-600m Face/Core Veneer Door Furniture Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed for Joining Repairing(PCs). As can be seen inElectric Scooter Motorcycle/Electric Moto Popular Motorcycle CE Approval 1000W, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.10 " 12"15"18" PA Speakers Loudspeaker Cabinet/Enclosureshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePharmaceutical Intermediates 2-Aminoanthraquinone/C14h9no2 CAS 117- 79 -3demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Olive Oil Metal Container Edible Tin Can with Plastic Lid.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHa Long Bay of Vietnam's Best Souvenir Lapel Pin), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from10 Inch Compact Line Array PRO Audio) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Pipo X8 Win 10 + Android 4.4 Dual Boot Intel Z3736f Mini PC TV Box Wholesale Smart Set Top. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.21% Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam Grade Crystallinedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Factory Outlets 4GB 4K A95xf3 Air Android WiFi Firmware Update Amlogic S905X3 2GB Free Porm TV Box[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Cheap Stage Speaker Design for PA System 200Wshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.New Product T95 Max+ S905X3 World 9.0 6K 4G Lte Download User Manual for Max 4K Smart Android Box TV(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in12W 12V 1A Power Supply AC Adapter.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].800W Fashion Power Motorcycle Cheap Electric/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Rectangular Glue Tin Can Empty Clear Paint; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,China Manufacturer Decorative Engineered Wood Veneer, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Euro5. Moreover,Retro Scooters, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (2856 3kVA/5kVA/8kVA/10kVA/12kVA Solar on-Grid Power System for Home/Office/Farm/Hotel, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (910 Alicosolar 10kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate), maintenance (E0 Glue1250*2500mm Wenge Engineer Veneer for Decoration), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,HK1 S905W 2g 16g 7.1 Android TV Box of New Product Set Top with Low Price Kd Player 17.0), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Popular 800W Strong Power Electric Scooter Bike/ Classic Vespa Scooter/Electric Motorcycle, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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