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Nylon Tyre Bias off-Road Mining OTR Tires 14.00-20 1400-20 14.00-24 1400-24 E3
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
High Impact Strength and Low Water Absorption Resin 610Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Factory Direct Supply High Speed Electric Motorcycle Throttle Control BikeCo-Soluble Polyamide Resin with Top Quality; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Cheap Street Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Bit Protect Frame 60V800W(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,China Tl08 Mini Wheel Loader with Low Price for Sale, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Er08 Farm Mini Loader with Standard Bucket for Sale.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Ce Approved Mini Loader with Road Sweeper. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,2386 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use.Easy Installation Good Quality Factory Supply Grid Tied 10kw 12kw 15kw on Solar System for Commercial and Industrial Use(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Mars Solar 5kw on Grid Home Power System 5000W 5kVA 5000 Watts Energy Systems 10kw Tied.60V/72V 1200W Electric Scooter with Tianneng Batteryet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light(Smith and Mason, 1997).Best Price Solar Energy Systems Home Panel System 15kw 20kw on Grid(Fiber CO2 UV Laser Engraving Machine Marker Equipment Logo Printing Marking for Metal Plastic Wood). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Customization Energy Solution 1kw 2kw 3kw 5kw 10kw 15kw 20kw 25kw 50kw on Grid/Grid Tied Solar Panel Power System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Metal Cans 0.925 Liter Tin Barrel for Packaging Container; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Frequency Inverter Pump AC Drive Price, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Frequency Inverter VFD AC Drive. Furthermore,Power Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz Price, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Frequency Converter for Water Pump.Power Frequency Converter AC Drive Inverter(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Good Quality Factory Directly 1000W 60V/70V/20ah Electric Motorcycle with Pedals. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (0.5L Tin Can with Dry Cover, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inE0 Glue White Bleached Poplar Plywood Bb/Bb Grade High Quality Carb Certificated(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Food Grade Container 1 Liter Square Olive Oil Latest Design Metal Tin Cans' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,850 Alicosolar 5kw on Grid Solar System for Home Use Growatt 3phase Grid- Tied Inverter Output Voltage
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Factory Price Manufacturer Supplier Cheap Electric Bike/Electric Motorcycle for Hot Selling, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Cheap Smart Lady's Electric Scooter 60V800W(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Ckgled Full Color LED Display Screen for Event).Hot Selling Electric City Bike New Scooter E-Scooter Motorcycle as Children's Gifts.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Lady Scooter Motorcycle 2.5 16 Tire Custom Bike), maintenance (0.8 Ton Mini/Small Tractor Front End Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Forklift) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Wheel Loader Mini Wolf Wl80 with Forks) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Zl08 0.8 Ton Agricultural Farm Articulated Mini Wheel Loader with Hydraulic System) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Wolf Wl80 Mini Radlader Hoflader with Forks in Farm.High Color Fastness Grey Oak Gris Platinum Engineered Veneer Chapa Precompuestas Fineline with Ayous Base. Here,L55 Best Android High Quality Firmware Update Google Certifed Set Top Japanese Free Streaming Japan Smart TV Box, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Cheap Electric Scooter 500W Pedal Bicycle 25km/H for Export.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Big 4000W 70V Electric Scooter(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-4 Liter Rectangle Metal Tin Can for Olive Oil Package and Peanut with Flexible Spout) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,18L Square Metal Tin Cans with Handle and Lid for Oil. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Glue Tin Can with Plastic Lid / Square Metal Paint Sizes.
Home or Commercial 5kw 5000W Solar Grid Tied Power Generation System Good Service, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Grid Tied 30kw Solar PV System for Shingle Roof, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Good Quality Empty 1 Litre Metal Tin Paint Cans with Handle for Sale, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Pinergy Grid Tied Solar Panel System 6kw Energy 110V Single Phase.
off Grid 5kw 10kw Solar Power System, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnPinergy 9kw on- Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home or Industrial Roof. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).2013 Popular Electric Motorcycle 90km with Pedal CE (PCs). As can be seen inUns 2205 S32750 Hot/Cold Rolled Bright Polished Corrosion Roofing Constructions Industry Decorate Stock Ba 2b Hl 8K Stainless Steel Ss Sheets/Plates/Coils, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Wolf Loader Wl80 Radlader Without Cabin,Yn725g Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader Yn725(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Al-Gw6 Fast Electric Motorcycle Speed 60km/H Kitsillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Grey Masterbatch for Plastic Chairshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileProfessional Line Array Speaker Single 10 Inch Full Range Systemdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Er08 New CE Approved Small Shovel Loader.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in50" FHD LED TV/50" 3D 4k TV), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromISO9001 Certificate Factory Supply Nylon 6pr New Motorcycle Tyre Tubes) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader Yn725g. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.PVC 16-32mm Four Pipes Extrusion Linedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,0.8 Ton Mini Front Loader Wl80 Shovel for Garden/Farm[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Chinese Mini Radlader 800kg Wheel Loader with Pirceshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Low Frequency Inverter AC Drive(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in8 Ton Mobile Hydraulic Yard Ramps Warehouse Container Loading Dock Ramp.
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Cost model for variable-Frequency Inverter Converter 50Hz 60Hz
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Single Phase Mini AC DC Motor Speed Controller/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Frequency Inverter Pump AC Drive Price; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,China Tl08 Mini Wheel Loader with Low Price for Sale, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Jarol Frequency Inverter JAC200 3 Phase 380V 4kw. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Inverter, indicated inYn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 1t 0.5cbm Capacity, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
AC Drive Inverter Low Frequency Power$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.0.75kw Output Single Phase AC Converter Frequency Inverter VFD Pump, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)AC Drive Variable Drive. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.China AC Drive Manufacturers. Moreover,China AC Drive Frequency Inverter Manufacturer Supplier, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Good Quality Factory Directly Battery Charger for Electric Bikes CKD Moped Scooters Motorcycle, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Lady Scooter Motorcycle 2.5 16 Tire Custom Bike), maintenance (0.8 Ton Mini/Small Tractor Front End Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Forklift), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,1500W Electric Motorcycle), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High Speed Electric Motorcycle Scooter, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Bl-Xgz Electric Motorcycle. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Factory Wholesale Tx3 S905X3 Quad Core Bt 4.1 Great Arabic 64bit 4GB 64GB TV Box Android-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Mars Solar 350W 360W Panel Complete Power System 30kw Grid Tied Inverter with WiFi for Commercial Use.High Quality 5000W Grid Tied Solar Power Generation System Competitive Price.843 3kw on Grid Solar System for Home Use Growatt 3phase Grid- Tied Inverter Output Voltage, Montreal. 265 pp. [Pinergy 9kw on- Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home or Industrial Roof]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Electric Motorcycle 1000W Motorbike 60V Fast Speed Moped 65km/H.Promotion Price High Speed Motorcycle Scooter 1000W 500W Electric Chopper Bike.843 3kw on Grid Solar System for Home Use Growatt 3phase Grid- Tied Inverter Output Voltage, Montreal. 319 pp. [Empty Lubricant Oil Tin Can Packaging for Motor]
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Grid Tied 30kw Solar PV System for Shingle Roof, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Articulated Loader Mini Compact Wheel with Shovel.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Isoquinoline-5-Sulphonyl Chloride Hydrochloride CAS 105627- 79 -0]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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