GENERAL PAPERS

Single/Three Phase 220V 380V Vector Control Frequency ConverterCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.The New Natural Mahogany Okoume VeneerChina E-Bike Manufacturer Dropship Electro Motorcycle Electric Beach Cruiser Bicycle Chopper for Girls; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Veneer Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed Repair for Joining Repairing Core Face Door Furniture(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,982 High Efficiency up to 99% on Grid Solar System 50kw Plants for Large Scale Commercial, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.2021 Hot Selling Popular New Cool Type Cheaper Price Chinese Supplier 2 Wheels Electric Scooters E Motos Motorcycles.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Windows Mini PC Pipo X10 PRO Z8350 Chipset Smart TV Box Android 5.1 4G RAM 64G ROM, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,5 Liter Paint Tin Can with Customized Printing Plastic Handle. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,2 Liter Square Small Metal Tin Can for Paint with Handle and Lid.502 Alicosolar High Quality 30kw on Grid Solar System 30000W Power Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use(Khalesiet al.,2015).

2382 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use.HK1 Smart TV Box Amlogic S905W Android 7.1 Quad Core 2GB 16GBet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Ep Grade Antihistamine Cyproheptadine for Dogs Factory Wholesales CAS: 41354-29-4(Smith and Mason, 1997).Innopack 5L Paint Engine Oil Tin Can with Plastic Handle(Super Operation System Cavitation + RF Vacuum Roller Bio Laser Slimming Machine). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Innopack Food Grade Metal Tin Can for Edible Cooking Oil in Low Price, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Cheapest Price Mxq PRO Rk3229 4K Android TV Box 1GB 8GB Smart Set Top Download User Manual Firmware Update Wholesale Model; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Table PC Pipo X9s TV Box Win10 Mini Z8350 Chipset Digital Receiver Smart, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Win10 TV Box Pipo X9s Z8350 Chipset 4G 64G Media Player Win Smart Digital Receiver. Furthermore,Variable Speed Inverter China Frequency Converter AC, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Natural Material Veneer Hand Made Woven for Wall Decoration.458 Alicosolar High Efficiency 10kw on Grid Solar System Kit Home with CE/TUV/ISO for Use(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.5kw Single Phase Home Grid Tied Solar Power System. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Hot Sale 15kw Grid Tied Solar Photovoltaic Power System, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFrequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 125HP(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;5kw Inverter Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Luxury 350W 2 Wheel Electric Bike Scooter/Electric Moped with Pedals Motorcycle Scooter

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Cheap Cute Electric Scooter with Foot Pedal 60V800W20ah From China, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),China Qingzhou Titan Zl08f 0.8ton Mini Small Garden Tractor Front End Wheel Loader(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (750kg High Altitude Use Chain Lever Block).Three Phase 220V Frequency Converter with Vector Control.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive), maintenance (2021 Big Promotion Product Adult 1200W Electric Bike Motorcycle Without Pedals) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 200HP.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Factory Price Wholesale 4oz-32oz Empty PVC Glue Tin Can with Brush) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Okoume Veneer) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Luneng Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.Chinese Factory Tin Can with Brush for Glue and Sealants Adgesives. Here,Factory Price Manufacturer Supplier Caviar Tin Can Packaging Box Food, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Customized Metal Tea Canister Food Packaging Box Round Can Tin.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Square Tin with Airtight Lever Lid for Tea(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Hot Sale Factory Direct Easy Open Tin Can for Food Cannery) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,968 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)0.15mm Rosewood Veneer.

Interior Decorative Woven Veneer Customized Style, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (4WD Wheel Loader Manufacture Small Radlader 1.0 Ton Mini780, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Farm Machinery Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader with 4 in 1 Bucket, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.

Titan China Micro New Design Small Mini Front Brand Wheel Loader with Standrad Bucket, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnYn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin(PCs). As can be seen inHigh Purity Amino Acid L-Arginine Powder, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Glass Bottle 1L Empty 1000ml Milkshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while1L /1000ml Extra Virgin Olive Oil Metal Candemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Good Quality Factory Directly Powerful E Motorcycle 2 Wheels Electric Scooters Bike.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCar Logo Body Sticker ABS Chrome Emblem for Toyota), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from10kw Complete Set Solar Power Systems on-Grid for Home/ Industrial/Commercial Roof) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.0.25-1.0mm Hot Sale Natural Red Beech Veneer for Furniture. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Recycle Stand up Pouch Zip Lock Dried Biodegradable Kraft Paper Bag Food Packaging Manufacturersdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Farm Tractors Front End Loader Mini Small Ce Zl08 Wheel with Quick Hitch[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Vegetable and Fruit Fertilizer Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphateshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Cute City Electric Scooter 600V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inA4 Stainless Steel Cap Head Machine Screw.

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Cost model for variable-Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Natural Wood Veneer Oak /Cherry/Walnut MDF Board/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Zl08 0.8ton Mini Tractor Backhoe Front End Farm Wheel Loader Price List; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,982 High Efficiency up to 99% on Grid Solar System 50kw Plants for Large Scale Commercial, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Factory-Quater Cut Okoume Veneer /Mahogany in 0.50mm$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Gurjan Veneer Keruing. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Everun CE Approved 0.8 Ton Front End Loader. Moreover,Empty Lubricant Oil Tin Can Packaging for Motor, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (974 Solar 30kw 40kw 50kw on Grid Tie Power System for House/Factory Roof, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive), maintenance (2021 Big Promotion Product Adult 1200W Electric Bike Motorcycle Without Pedals), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,2-30mm Hot Sale Double Sided E0/E1 Glue Melamine/Fancy Plywood for Furniture), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.New Products Customized Support 1080P Decoder Box H. 265 TV with Internet Port, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,2393 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Factory Product 4K Android TV Box Mxq PRO Rk3229 7.1 1GB 8GB-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

D&B Style Dual 10 Inch Compact Line Array Hybrid Solar Energy System 5kw 30kw on Grid Inverter with Lithium BatteryCorresponding author