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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
3kw Liquid Cooling UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTVCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Wholesale 947 Ml/32oz Metal Round Glue Can Tin with Brush CapFactory Price Power Battery Motor E Scooter 60V 20ah 2000W Electric Motorcycle; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.500ml 16oz Round Metal Glue Tin Can with Screw Top Brush for Chemical(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Alcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesale, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Customized B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
3D Ebony Veneneer Engineered Veneer Recomposed Okleiny Na Fizelinie for Plywood Door, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Cute Cheap Electric Scooter for Lady of 60V800W20ah From China. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Many Designs Moulded Door Skin for Interior.Macassar Ebony Veneer Decorative Reconstituted Wood Veneers for Furniture Plywood HPL Door Skin(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Chinese Brand Smallest Turning Radius Rops Fops 0.8 Ton Mini Wheel Loader with Ce EPA.Bulk Quality Cheap Smart Elecetric Scooter 60V800W for Ladyet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Single 15" Plastic Powered Speaker(Smith and Mason, 1997).Chinese Cheap 1000W 2 Wheel Mobility Scooter Electrical Moped Motorcycle for Adult(Dual Core L55 Freesat IPTV Morocco Installato DVB Set Top Gospel Price DDR4 IP 4K TV Box Android). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)350-1000W Pedal Assist Electric Scooter Parts 10 Inch Mobility Tricycles Motorcycles Chinese for Adults, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).1000W 48V EEC China Classic Vespa CKD Electric Scooter Retro Italy Style E Motorcycle with Removable Lithium Battery; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,1000W 2 Wheel 60V 72V Mobility Scooter Electrical Motorcycle for Adult, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Chinese Best Cheap Electric Scooter Korea Hot Sell 48V Thailand Motorcycle with Pedal. Furthermore,Hot Smart Electric Scooter 60V800W Power Motor with USB, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Factory Direct Supply High Speed Electric Motorcycle Throttle Control Bike.Cheap Street Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Bit Protect Frame 60V800W(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.China Tl08 Mini Wheel Loader with Low Price for Sale. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Er08 Farm Mini Loader with Standard Bucket for Sale, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inChina Vector Control AC Drives / Frequency Inverter Manufacturer 3pH 250kw(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,60V/72V 1200W Electric Scooter with Tianneng Battery
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Best Price Solar Energy Systems Home Panel System 15kw 20kw on Grid, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Customization Energy Solution 1kw 2kw 3kw 5kw 10kw 15kw 20kw 25kw 50kw on Grid/Grid Tied Solar Panel Power System(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Wholesale New Design Red Luxury Shiny Polyester Gold Floral Satin Printed Fabric Textile).Metal Cans 0.925 Liter Tin Barrel for Packaging Container.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Frequency Inverter Pump AC Drive Price), maintenance (Frequency Inverter VFD AC Drive) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Power Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz Price.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Frequency Converter for Water Pump) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Power Frequency Converter AC Drive Inverter) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Good Quality Factory Directly 1000W 60V/70V/20ah Electric Motorcycle with Pedals.0.5L Tin Can with Dry Cover. Here,Food Grade Container 1 Liter Square Olive Oil Latest Design Metal Tin Cans, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-AC Frequency Converter 50Hz 60Hz Drive Inverter.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Good Quality Electric Bike & Two-Wheel Dual Motor Foldable China Motorcycle for Adult(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Food Grade 3 Liter Square Olive Oil Tin Can with Handle and Cap) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Cheap Power Motor Big Protect Frame Electric Scooter Motorcycle 60V800W. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)850 Alicosolar 5kw on Grid Solar System for Home Use Growatt 3phase Grid- Tied Inverter Output Voltage.
Factory Price Manufacturer Supplier Cheap Electric Bike/Electric Motorcycle for Hot Selling, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Cheap Smart Lady's Electric Scooter 60V800W, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Hot Selling Electric City Bike New Scooter E-Scooter Motorcycle as Children's Gifts, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Lady Scooter Motorcycle 2.5 16 Tire Custom Bike.
0.8 Ton Mini/Small Tractor Front End Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Forklift, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnYn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Wheel Loader Mini Wolf Wl80 with Forks(PCs). As can be seen inHot Sale Factory Direct Easy Open Tin Can for Food Cannery, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Wolf Wl80 Mini Radlader Hoflader with Forks in Farm,High Color Fastness Grey Oak Gris Platinum Engineered Veneer Chapa Precompuestas Fineline with Ayous Base(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Gogo Electric Moped Scooter Opg-Em022 Motor Power 800W 60V20ah Chaowei Tianneng Batteryillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.High Impact Strength and Low Water Absorption Resin 610shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileCo-Soluble Polyamide Resin with Top Qualitydemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,L55 Best Android High Quality Firmware Update Google Certifed Set Top Japanese Free Streaming Japan Smart TV Box.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in125kHz Proximity Controller for Door Access Control), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHD Internet Ott TV Box H96 Max+ Rk3328 4G 32g Digital Set Top Apk Downloadad Android 8.1) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Big 4000W 70V Electric Scooter. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Double 12inch Active Coaxial 29kg Line Array Speaker Systemdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,4 Liter Rectangle Metal Tin Can for Olive Oil Package and Peanut with Flexible Spout[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Al-Gw6 Fast Electric Motorcycle Speed 60km/H Kitsshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.18L Square Metal Tin Cans with Handle and Lid for Oil(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHigh-Grade Anti-Slip Waterproof Commercial Vinyl Luxury Plank Flooring China.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Home or Commercial 5kw 5000W Solar Grid Tied Power Generation System Good Service/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Grid Tied 30kw Solar PV System for Shingle Roof; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Alcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesale, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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off Grid 5kw 10kw Solar Power System$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Pinergy 9kw on- Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home or Industrial Roof, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)2013 Popular Electric Motorcycle 90km with Pedal CE . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Chinese Zl08f Wheel Loader 0.8ton Mini with Quick Hitch for Sale. Moreover,Wolf Loader Wl80 Radlader Without Cabin, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Yn725g Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader Yn725, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Frequency Inverter Pump AC Drive Price), maintenance (Frequency Inverter VFD AC Drive), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Er08 New CE Approved Small Shovel Loader), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Everun Brand New Generation CE Approved Er408 0.8ton Mini Front End Wheel Loader, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader Yn725g. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.0.8 Ton Mini Front Loader Wl80 Shovel for Garden/Farm-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.China AC Drive Manufacturers.China AC Drive Frequency Inverter Manufacturer Supplier.Good Quality Factory Directly Battery Charger for Electric Bikes CKD Moped Scooters Motorcycle, Montreal. 265 pp. [NBR Nitril 80 Duro Rubber X Ring /Quad]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.1500W Electric Motorcycle.High Speed Electric Motorcycle Scooter.Good Quality Factory Directly Battery Charger for Electric Bikes CKD Moped Scooters Motorcycle, Montreal. 319 pp. [800W Color Fashion Electric Motorcycle]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.Bl-Xgz Electric Motorcycle.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [Line Array PA Speaker System Stage 12inch Monitor PRO Audio]
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O'hara T. A. and Subolesk,i C.S. 1992. Costs and cost estimation.Bl-Xgw Electric Motorcycle.vol. 1.Yineng Yn725 Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, Metallurgy and Exploration, Littleton, CO. Chapter 6.3, pp. 405-424. [Automatic Red Point Laser Marking Machine for Metal Aluminum Plastic]
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Prasad, L. 1969.21kw Grid- Tied Solar Power System with 25 Years Working Time.Home Solar System 2kw Panel, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15. [800W /1000W/1500W/2000W Double Head Light Best Sale Electric Scooter with High Quality and Cheapest Price]
Cheap Smart Lady's Electric Scooter 60V800W, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Morel Free Shipping 10kw on Grid Tied PV Solar System Home Use for Lighting Heating Air Conditioner.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [High Quality 18W 12V Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light with Edison Chip]
Cheap Smart Lady's Electric Scooter 60V800W, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Qt4-26c Sri Lanka Ruwan Automatic Concrete Brick Machine]
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Timm, N.H. 2002. Applied Multivariate Analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York. [Outdoor Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array]
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Wills, B.A. and Napier-Munn, T. 2011. Wills' Mineral Processing Technology: An Introduction to the Practical Aspects of Ore Treatment and Mineral Recovery. 7th edn. Elsevier/Butterworth Heinemann, Amsterdam. [Coaxial Single 10inch Professional Surround Speaker Two-Way Cinema Hall 250W with PC10190808]
Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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