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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
4inch Outdoor Use Full Range for Public System Wall-Mounted SpeakerCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Glue E1 Carb Plain Mositure-Proof MDF458 Alicosolar High Efficiency 10kw on Grid Solar System Kit Home with CE/TUV/ISO for Use; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Melamine MDF 2440mmx1220mmx3.0mm with Carb P2 Certification(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Draught Fan Digital LED Micro Air Wind Pressure Sensor, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.HPM128 High stability Explosion-proof Pressure Transmitte.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Compressor Low Cost Small Type Pressure Transducer, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Hot Sale Motorcycle with 150cc Gy6 Engine. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,HPM766 Dry diaphragm membrane sanitary pressure transducer.150cc Gy6 Engine Gasoline Scooter(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Gy6 Engine 150cc Scooter.Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp with Edison Chipet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Hybrid Solar Energy System 5kw 30kw on Grid Inverter with Lithium Battery(Smith and Mason, 1997).Digital Display Superior 316L integrated Pressure Transducer(Snow Mobile Rubber Track Gas Adult Ski Scooter). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Waterproof Pool Lamp, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).RGB High Lumen Resin Filled PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Waterproof Underwater Light; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Gy6 125cc Sproty Scooter /Motorcycle, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Top Grade Cross-Country Motorcycle Tire 120/90-18. Furthermore,Gy6 Engine 150cc Gasoline Scooter for Adults, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Flat film Clamp Hygienic Pressure Sensor Transmitter.Steel Wheel Hub Buggy 150cc ATV(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.150cc 200cc Gas ATV Quad for Adults. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Hot Selling to Nigeria Market Manufacture Motorbike Tyre 3.50-18, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inChina Al-Gw6 800W Electric Motorbike with 60V/20ah Battery(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Raw Petro High Temperature Sapphire Pressure Transmitter' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Gy6 -50cc OEM Gas Scooter
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,150cc off Road Utility ATV with Reverse , blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Commander 200cc ATV off-Road Quad China 150cc 180cc 110cc Kids(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (3D Four Board Interchangeable Vehicle Wheel Aligner).Gy6 150cc Gasoline Scooter.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Zongshen 150cc Cargo Tricycle with Top Cover), maintenance (Gy6 150cc Gas Scooter) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,150cc 5 Speeds Forwader ATV 4 Wheelers Farm .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (150cc Gy6 Engine Automatic ATV Sports Quad Bike) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Hot Selling Electric Race Vietnam Motorcycle Tire ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Gy6 150cc Gasoline Scooter.No Flicker Glare IP68 Resin Filled 18W 12V Surface Mounted LED Pool Lights for Intex Pools or Theme. Here,Gy6 -50cc Scooter, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-China 150cc Gy6 Gasoline Scooter.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Euro 4 Certificate(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-2021 Hot Sale 18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,High Quality 18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)150cc Gasoline Scooter with Efi ECU Delphi. Rongmao Efi..
High Performance Motorcycle Tire for Senegal , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Double Rear Tyre Tricycle with 300cc Water Cooling Engine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
300cc Gas Aluminum Adult Tricycle Reverse Truck Cargo , R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Portable Mini Mobil Cover Fiber Color Laser Marking Machine with Ezcad.
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whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn300cc Five Wheel Gas Cargo 3 Motorcycle for Adults . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Portable Automatic Ultrasound Bone Analyzer Densitometer(PCs). As can be seen inCE Approved Wolf Wl80 Zl08 Mini Wheel Loader for Farm, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Voomaster Brand Big Diamonds Tread Pattern Motorcycle Tyre 3.00- 17 ,HD Lace Frontal Human Hair 5X5 Closure Frontals Straight Bundles 613 Blond(CSFM) is presented here as an example.2021 New Arrival Malaysian Eyebrowillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Conical Twin Screw PVC /CPVC Plastic Extruder/PVC Pipe Extrusion Machine Production Lineshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Professional Driver " Line Array Subwooferdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Ophthalmic Pachymeter .
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in4W IP65 RGBW Spots Light with Solar Panel), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromEPDM 50 Duro As568 Rubber O Ring) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Pneumatic Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Marking Coder. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Quality Chemical Product Antioxidant Irganox 1076 CAS 2082- 79 -3demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,50W LED Bulb Marking[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Quality Cheap 200cc and 150cc Farm Utility ATVshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for PVC/ Plastic/ Stainless Steel/ Silicon(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inEngineered High Density Grey Quartz Stone.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].WiFi Wireless Ultrasound Linear Color Doppler USB 192 Elements Probe/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Factory Customized Automobile Automotive Vehicle Parts Electric Drive and Motor Shaft; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Draught Fan Digital LED Micro Air Wind Pressure Sensor, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Mini Handle Electric DOT Peen Marking Machine$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Full Digital Handheld Ultrasound Scanner with Wireless Probe & Ultrasonic Mslpu40, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Pin Machine Suppliers Marker Systems. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.USB&WiFi Ultrasound Convex Linear Probe for Ios/Android/Windows Device. Moreover,1L Rectangular Olive Oil Tin 1800ml Packaging with Imported Plastic Spout Guangdong, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (1L Metal Resealable Selable Paint Tin Cans for Glue and Chemical Use, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Zongshen 150cc Cargo Tricycle with Top Cover), maintenance (Gy6 150cc Gas Scooter), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,4u 16 in 1 Agile CATV RF Modulator Channels), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Thinner Plain Color 1L Metal Can with Screw Cap, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.2021 High Quality Marine 1400W Hybrid Power Inverter Solar System Portable with 3kwh Lithium Battery.Motorcycle Scooter Rear Clutch Assembly for Gy6 -90 Engines.Gy6 -125 Spark Plug Cap OEM Quality Motorcycle Parts, Montreal. 319 pp. [Police Motorcycle 250cc]
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Double Rear Tyre Tricycle with 300cc Water Cooling Engine, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Discount High Strength 90/90-19 Motorcycle Tyre/Tire.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [899 Alicosolar 9kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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