GENERAL PAPERS

Three Phase 380V/ 0.75kw~710kw AC Drive/VFD Speed Controller Frequency Converter/InverterCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Home Use 6kw Grid Tied Solar Power System with High PerformanceModern Home Living Room Furniture Velvet Sofa Set; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Hot Sale 10kw 10000W off Grid Solar Power System Home Use(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,4kw 3phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.1.5kw 3phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Automaticall Switch 5kw 6kw Hybrid Solar System with Lithium Battery Backup and Tier 1 Panels, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Round Tin Can for Food Packaging Empty Tinplate. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,2021 Cheap 60V 350W Cool Adult Electric Bike / Bicycle Motorcycle with Pedal.Pencil Cedar Veneer Medium Denstiy Fiberboards for Stairs(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Technical Wood Veneer MDF Boards for Cupboard.High Quality Small Metal Tin Can with Open Top Lid for Lubricantet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine for Automotive(Smith and Mason, 1997).Long Using Life Shuttering Plywood with Logo for Construction(Industrial Energy Saving Device Made in China). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Huihuang Bamboo Fence Timbers, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Solar Power System Home 5kw off Grid Tied Solution; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,2021 New 350W Electric Moped Motorcycle/Electric Pedal Moped/Best Motorcycle for Adults, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Power Mini Electric Scooter for Lady 60V800W. Furthermore,Dah Complete on Grid Solar System Easy Install 30kw 50kw Tied Power, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-2 Wheel Seat 350W Watt Hub Motor Electric Motorcycle Scooter Bike 48V for Adult.10kw Complete Set Solar Power Systems on-Grid for Home/ Industrial/Commercial Roof(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.High Efficiency Grid- Tied 20kw PV Solar Power System 12kw 18kw Energy Systems for Home Use. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (0.75kw Power Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inArc Shaped Column Speaker for Restaurant and Shopping Mall(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Variable Frequency Inverter Solar Pump DC/AC' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,500ml 16oz Round Metal Glue Tin Can with Screw Top Brush for Chemical

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Alcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesale, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Customized B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Hip Hop Style Graffiti Cartoon Fun Shirt Loose Round Neck Cotton Short Sleeved T).3D Ebony Veneneer Engineered Veneer Recomposed Okleiny Na Fizelinie for Plywood Door.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Cute Cheap Electric Scooter for Lady of 60V800W20ah From China), maintenance (Many Designs Moulded Door Skin for Interior) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Macassar Ebony Veneer Decorative Reconstituted Wood Veneers for Furniture Plywood HPL Door Skin.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Chinese Brand Smallest Turning Radius Rops Fops 0.8 Ton Mini Wheel Loader with Ce EPA) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Bulk Quality Cheap Smart Elecetric Scooter 60V800W for Lady) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Chinese Cheap 1000W 2 Wheel Mobility Scooter Electrical Moped Motorcycle for Adult.350-1000W Pedal Assist Electric Scooter Parts 10 Inch Mobility Tricycles Motorcycles Chinese for Adults. Here,1000W 48V EEC China Classic Vespa CKD Electric Scooter Retro Italy Style E Motorcycle with Removable Lithium Battery, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-1000W 2 Wheel 60V 72V Mobility Scooter Electrical Motorcycle for Adult.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Chinese Best Cheap Electric Scooter Korea Hot Sell 48V Thailand Motorcycle with Pedal(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Hot Smart Electric Scooter 60V800W Power Motor with USB) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Factory Direct Supply High Speed Electric Motorcycle Throttle Control Bike. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Cheap Street Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Bit Protect Frame 60V800W.

China Tl08 Mini Wheel Loader with Low Price for Sale, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Er08 Farm Mini Loader with Standard Bucket for Sale, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Ce Approved Mini Loader with Road Sweeper.

2386 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnEasy Installation Good Quality Factory Supply Grid Tied 10kw 12kw 15kw on Solar System for Commercial and Industrial Use. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Mars Solar 5kw on Grid Home Power System 5000W 5kVA 5000 Watts Energy Systems 10kw Tied(PCs). As can be seen in433Mbps16dBm Wsd377 Qualcomm Atheros Qca9377-3 2.4GHz/ 5GHz WiFi + Bluetooth 5.0 Combination Sdio USB Module, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Best Price Solar Energy Systems Home Panel System 15kw 20kw on Grid,Customization Energy Solution 1kw 2kw 3kw 5kw 10kw 15kw 20kw 25kw 50kw on Grid/Grid Tied Solar Panel Power System(CSFM) is presented here as an example.China Manufacturer Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace for Gold/Copper/Silver/Precious Metalillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Plastic Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouchshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHighly Quality 1500V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PVdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Metal Cans 0.925 Liter Tin Barrel for Packaging Container.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inChildren's diaper bags on the surface of high-absorption cotton diapers OEM baby), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from3kw Liquid Cooling UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Frequency Inverter VFD AC Drive. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Dual Core L55 Freesat IPTV Morocco Installato DVB Set Top Gospel Price DDR4 IP 4K TV Box Androiddemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Power Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz Price[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.China Vector Control AC Drives / Frequency Inverter Manufacturer 3pH 250kwshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Frequency Converter for Water Pump(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inDesign Promotional Pressed Carbide Wire Drawing Diamond Dies.

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Cost model for variable-Power Frequency Converter AC Drive Inverter

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Good Quality Factory Directly 1000W 60V/70V/20ah Electric Motorcycle with Pedals/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.0.5L Tin Can with Dry Cover; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,4kw 3phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.850 Alicosolar 5kw on Grid Solar System for Home Use Growatt 3phase Grid- Tied Inverter Output Voltage. Moreover,Factory Price Manufacturer Supplier Cheap Electric Bike/Electric Motorcycle for Hot Selling, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Cheap Smart Lady's Electric Scooter 60V800W, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Cute Cheap Electric Scooter for Lady of 60V800W20ah From China), maintenance (Many Designs Moulded Door Skin for Interior), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Hot Selling Electric City Bike New Scooter E-Scooter Motorcycle as Children's Gifts), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Lady Scooter Motorcycle 2.5 16 Tire Custom Bike, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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