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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Quality Mxq PRO 4K Rk3229 1GB 8GB Android7.1 Quad Core Android TV Box(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Efficicency Roof Mounting Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.488 Alicosolar High Quality 20kw on Grid Solar System 20000W Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

969 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,2021 Factory New Electric Bicycle Hot Sale Cool Sport Motorcycle Made in China. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Rosen 9kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market.Frequency Converter 200HP Three Phases(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 125HP, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inQuadrant Stainless Steel Shower Room with 8mm Tempered Glass(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 160HP' names:

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►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Frequency Converter 50HP Three Phases(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Yishan 160HP hydraulic bulldozer TY160G with u-blade).Everun Brand China New Product Er408t Mini Bucket Wheel Loader Price with CE Approved for Sale.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (3HP Three Phase Frequency Converter), maintenance (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,10HP Three Phase Frequency Converter.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (957 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (China E-Bike Manufacturer Dropship Electro Motorcycle Electric Beach Cruiser Bicycle Chopper for Girls) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Zl08 0.8t Hot Sale Small Yard Loader Mini Tractor Front End.Wl80 Mini Loader with Yanmar Engine. Here,Lithium Battery Brushless Adult Bike 350W 400W 500W 48V Electric Motorcycle, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Solar Energy System 10kw 15kw Grid Tied Hybrid PV.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-2385 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Red Oak Veneered MDF for Interior Design and Renovations. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Zl08 0.8ton China Articulated Tractor Front End Wheel Loader Yard.

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whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Zl08 800kg China Small Garden Tractor with Front Loader Yard, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Hot Sale 48V 20ah Powerful Chinese Chopper Electric Motorcycle 350W for Adults.

Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnBulk Fashion Smart Electric Scooter 60V800W20ah. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).962 Complete Solar System 40kw on Grid Home with High Quality(PCs). As can be seen inHybrid Solar Energy System 5kw 30kw on Grid Inverter with Lithium Battery, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.12" Die Cast Aluminum PA Speaker Frameshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileFrequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 75HPdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,475 Alicosolar Good Quality 15kw on Grid Solar System 15000W Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for House Use.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inZh-1050g Professional Corrugated Carton Crash Lock Box Gluing Machine Manufacturer), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCaprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulfate Soa Fertilizer Sulphate) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.498 Alicosolar Good Price 25kw on Grid Solar System 25000W Power Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Full Range Portable Multi-Fuction Speaker Box demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Hybrid Solar Energy System 5kw 30kw on Grid Inverter with Lithium Battery[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Shrink Wrapping Machine for Water Packing shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.955 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFast Build Prefabricated Sentry Box.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Europe Popular 5kw Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System with Ce/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Grade Block Board for Furniture Produce; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Efficicency Roof Mounting Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.China Factory Pricing Empty Round Food Grade Nut Tin Cans. Moreover,High Performance 6kw Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Oil Treatment Packaging Tin Container Can, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (3HP Three Phase Frequency Converter), maintenance (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Rosen 8kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Factory-Slicer Natural American Red Oak Veneer in 0.50mm, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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