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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
China 150cc Gy6 Gasoline ScooterCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.32dBi 5GHz WLAN AntennaDC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 2.2kw; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Brown Black Opaque Chemical Industrial Container 100ml Flip Top Cap Bottle(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Quality Waterproof 18W PAR56 RGB 12V LED Swimmiong Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Nicheless Flat Resin Filled Thin 12W Wall Mounted IP68 RGB Underwater LED Swimming Pool Lights.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
2.5A 0.4kw IP20 Jarol Variable Frequency Drive, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,No Flicker Glare Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,High Quality Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp.17 Inch Machined Aftermarket Alloy Wheel (Khalesiet al.,2015).
2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty.New Electric Beatiful on Road 800W Scooter E-Motorcycleet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 1t 0.5cbm Capacity(Smith and Mason, 1997).5GHz 15dBi Dual Polarization Enclosure WiFi Antenna(Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla155p273). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Modern City Leisure Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Lithium Battery , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).White Truck Wheel 17.5X6.00 Steel Rims; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,7.5kw MPPT with High Efficiency Solar Water Pump Controller, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Carb P2 AA/Bb Grade Birch/Okoume/Bintangor/Poplar Plywood. Furthermore,AC Variable Frequency Drive Single Phase, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-17.5X6.75 Heavy Duty Truck Trailer Steel Wheel Rim.Triple Phase Variable Frequency Inverter AC Drive(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.White Steel Wheel for Truck 17.5X6.00. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Carb Grade 18mm Commercial Plywood, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Pool Lamp with Ce RoHS(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Highlighted LED Electric Motorcycle with 60V 800W Power System' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Solar Pump Frequency Inverter MPPT Fuction 15kw Made in China
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China Wholesales Wheel Loader HR912 with Pallet Forks, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),AC Frequency Speed Controller 7.5kw VFD Drives(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Conch Profile Tempered Glass Arch Form UPVC Entrance Door PVC Casement).Carb P2 Bleached White Poplar Plywood for Furniture.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Professional Mini Wheel Loader for Sale with Low Price), maintenance (New Model Chinese Small Loader Front End Wheel for Sale) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Mimo Antenna 13dBi CPE.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (1220X2440X9mm Carb P2 Glue Bleached Poplar Plywood for Furniture) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (5GHz 25dBi Dual Pol Enclosure Antenna) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Bleached Poplar/Birch Carb Plywood.Weifang Cp Cloud Pillar Brand Ce Approved Zl08 Multi-Function Mini Wheel Loader with Cheap Price. Here,Newest Kids Pedal Electric Drift Crazy Kart Go, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Zl08 Mini Small Garden Farm Tractors Compact Front End Wheel Loader.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.IN-A7 handheld color doppler linear probe hip bone ultrasound scanner(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-New Generation Engine Er08 Wheel Loader with CE/Bucket for Sale) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,7.5MHz/10.0MHz Msk/Vascular Use Wireless Ultrasound Equipment. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.
Whole Sale Hammerhead 150cc Go Kart with Parts, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Earthmoving Equipments Mini Wheelloader Wl80 Loader Radlader, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
10MHz Linear Vascular/Anesthesia Portable Wireless Ultrasound Scanner, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Advanced 7.5MHz/10MHz Superficial Organ Use Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe.
WiFi Probe Type 2 in 1 Double Head Wireless Mini Color Doppler Ultrasound, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnWeifang Cp Cloud Pillar Ce Approved 800kg Multi-Function Mini Loader with Quick Hitch/Electric Joystick/Floating Function for Germany/Norway/Finland. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Aj-Bmd500 New Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer(PCs). As can be seen inQ1 Professional Line Array Loudspeaker Double 10 Inch Two-Way PRO Audio, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.High Temperature Vacuum Retort Pouch for Food Packagingshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while100% Passing Customs Local Anesthetic Drugs Procaine for Pain Releasedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,CE China manufacturers mini wheel loader for sale at cheap price.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFull Automatic Concrete Foam Cement Hollow Brick Block Making Machine in Dubai), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromShurong Made Insecticide Deltamethrin 2.5% Ec CAS No. 52918-63-5) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.China Portable Medical Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner Pachymeter with B Probe for Eyes. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.6000W Inverter Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System Without Batterydemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,6000W 200V-240V AC Single Phase on Gird/ Grid- Tied Solar Power Energy System[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Cheap CE 800W Lithium Battery Power Supply and 48V/60V Voltage Electric Motorcycleshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Ce Approved 10 Inch Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHigh LED Screen P4 P8 Outdoor Full Color Advertising Display.
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Cost model for variable-5GHz 10dBi Wideband Omni WLAN Antenna
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Jy125t-36c 125cc Scooter with Cdi and Efi/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarized Panel Antenna ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Quality Waterproof 18W PAR56 RGB 12V LED Swimmiong Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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16" Inch Steel Wheel for Toyota Prado Land Cruiser$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.off Road 200cc Motorcycle for Hot Sale, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)off Load 150cc Motorcycle with High Speed. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.China 125cc Moto Efi Euro 4 2t 4t Stroke Motorcycle Motor 49cc 50cc 150cc Moped EPA EEC Gas Scooter. Moreover,China Al-Gw6 800W Electric Motorbike with 60V/20ah Battery, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Linux TV Box International Internet Smart IPTV Zgemma I55, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Professional Mini Wheel Loader for Sale with Low Price), maintenance (New Model Chinese Small Loader Front End Wheel for Sale), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.20" Inch Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Astonmartin, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,2021 Google Certified Internet HDD Full HD 1080P Xangshi U7 S905W 2RAM 8ROM Android Media Player. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Volkswagen VW Tiguan Atlas Touareg-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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