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1 Metre X 50mm
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
12V 24V 48V 40ah Lithium Battery Solar 100ah 150ah 200ah 300ah 400ah 500ah Energy StorageCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Good Quality Eco-Friendly 500- 800W Electric Motorcycle with Fast DeliveryWall Mount Speaker Bracket ; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Suspension Delivery Chinese 800W Electric Motorcycle Small Long Range Accessories Two Wheels(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Amlogic Chipset S905X2 Quad Core Android8.1 4K Smart Internet TV Box T95q, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Plywood Mdo / Hdo for Concrete Formwork Slab Form.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Electric Scooter/ Motorcycle/TM-Monya, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Electric Scooter with Anti-Theft Motor Lock . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Hot-Sale Sporty Electric Motorcycle Mn5.Good Price CE 500W Bicicletas Electricas 48V Electric Motorcycle 800W for Adult(Khalesiet al.,2015).
RGB/White 18W PAR56 LED Swimming Pool Light.PAR56 IP68 Waterproof Outdoor Underwater LED Swimming Pool Lightet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for High Purity Organic Intermediate 1(Smith and Mason, 1997).PAR56 316ss 18watt LED Underwater Swimming Pool Lights with PC Niche(High Effective Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)18W Recessed IP68 PAR56 LED swimming Pool Underwater Light, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).18W RGB Underwater LED PAR56 Bulb Light for Swimming Pool Lighting; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Hot Sales ABS Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light 18watt, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.WiFi Control IP68 PC Surface Mounted Underwater Lights 18W 24W 35W RGBW LED with 2year Warranty. Furthermore,24watt IP68 Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-The Thinnest Wall Pool Underwater Swimming Light 18 Volts.Rosen 7kw Grid Tied on Solar Panel System(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.11kw Grid Tied Solar Energy System Industrial Power Supply. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Customized 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHot Sale Model V20 Dual 10 Inch Three-Way Audio Small Line Array Speaker(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;China Plywood for The Furniture/Construction' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Ash Solid Wood decoration Board
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,980 50kw on Grid Solar System with Tied Inverter Is Upto 80kw Big Capacity., blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),800ml Square Metal Containers(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (55 Inch Floor Standing IR Touch Screen Kiosk LED Advertising Display Android Digital Signage).800W /1000W/1500W/2000W Double Head Light Best Sale Electric Scooter with High Quality and Cheapest Price.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Hot Sale 800ml Size 1liter Engine Oil Tinplate Tin Can with Metal Pressure Lid), maintenance (Hot Sale Metal Round Cans for Paint or Chemical Packaging) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Everun CE Approved Articulated Er08 0.8 Ton Multifunction Front End Loader with Standard Bucket.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Wholesale Cmyk Printing 0.5 Liter Chemical Tin Cans) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Un Approved 0.5 Liter Metal Square Paint Empty Tin Cans) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.5 Liter Tinplate Metal Packing Car Paint Container Engine Oil Tin Can.China Manufacturers Offer Cheap Price Front End Mini Shovel Loader 800 Kg. Here,Everun New Design Er408 Small Compact 800kg Farm Machinery Wheel Loader with Mixer Bucket, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Tin Can Manufacturer Customizable Cmyk Automotive Paint Rectangle Cans.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Titan Brand 0.8 Ton High Quality Mini Wheel Loader with and Performance.(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-High Duty Chinese mini loader) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Exclusive Model Electric Scooter 800W 1000W High Torque Matt Black. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)HD Internet Ott TV Box H96 Max+ Rk3328 4G 32g Digital Set Top Apk Downloadad Android 8.1.
Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Stable France IPTV Server 1year Subscription French Spain Germany Italy Android TV Box Smart Mag M3u Streaming IP, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Upgraded Full HD North America Internet ATSC TV Decoder, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,High Quality Cost-Effective Products12V 18W LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip.
High Quality Switch Control Multi Color Big Commercial Project Concrete LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnMag City Scooter 80km Range Two Wheel Electric Motorcycle. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Electric Scooter/ Motorcycle/TM-BQ(PCs). As can be seen inPolymer Science 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 16- 79 -0, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Go Kart ,New Go Kart (CSFM) is presented here as an example.1L Empty Round Tin Can with Plastic Lid Manufacturerillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Heat Seal Moisture Proof Cbd Gummies Plastic Food Packaging Candy Bagshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150p249demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Everun 0.8ton Mini Wheel Loader with Euro III Engine.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inWomen's and Men's Unisex Waist Bag with Headphone Zippers Adjustable Straps Pockets Outdoor Sports Exercise Travel), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from843 3kw on Grid Solar System for Home Use Growatt 3phase Grid- Tied Inverter Output Voltage) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Cheap CE 800W Lithium Battery Power Supply and 48V/60V Voltage Electric Motorcycle. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.1L Tin Can with Metal Cap for Food Storagedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,5HP 50Hz 60Hz 3.7kw 3 Phase VFD Variable Frequency Drive for Motor[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Clinical Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Hospitalshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.High Quality 18W 12V IP68 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Lamps with Edison Chip(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inTire Changer/Garage Equipment/Automotive Equipment/Wheel Balancer/Auto Maintenance/Wheel Alignment Machine Price/Alignment/Wheel Aligner /3D Wheel A9.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].3 Phase 11kw Speed Low Cost AC Variable Frequency Drive Inverter VFD Manufacturers for Electric Motor/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Triple Phase 380V 50Hz 60Hz 7kw AC Variable Frequency Converter; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Amlogic Chipset S905X2 Quad Core Android8.1 4K Smart Internet TV Box T95q, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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No Flicker Glare 18watt Warm White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lights with Edison LED Chip$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.No Flicker Glare RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light for Intex Pools or Theme, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)TUV Certificate Gried Tied on Grid 30kw Solar Power System. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.2021 New Design RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light for Intex Pools or Theme. Moreover,China Frequency Inverter Drive AC Motor Speed Controller with Great Price, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (China Heavy Load Inverter 220V 380V Three Phase Converter DC to AC, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Hot Sale 800ml Size 1liter Engine Oil Tinplate Tin Can with Metal Pressure Lid), maintenance (Hot Sale Metal Round Cans for Paint or Chemical Packaging), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,3000W Grid Tied Solar System for Home Use), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Factory-Full Baltic White Birch Plywood From Factory 12mm 15mm, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Sapelli Plywood. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.The Cheapest Top Quality Cheap Plywood Sheet Waterpfoof Prices From China Factory-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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