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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
433Mbps16dBm Wsd377 Qualcomm Atheros Qca9377-3 2.4GHz/ 5GHz WiFi + Bluetooth 5.0 Combination Sdio USB ModuleCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Long Using Life Shuttering Plywood with Logo for ConstructionPLA Masterbatch Manufacturers for 3D Printing Filament; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Huihuang Bamboo Fence Timbers(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Solar Power System Home 5kw off Grid Tied Solution, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.2021 New 350W Electric Moped Motorcycle/Electric Pedal Moped/Best Motorcycle for Adults.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Power Mini Electric Scooter for Lady 60V800W, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Dah Complete on Grid Solar System Easy Install 30kw 50kw Tied Power. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,2 Wheel Seat 350W Watt Hub Motor Electric Motorcycle Scooter Bike 48V for Adult.10kw Complete Set Solar Power Systems on-Grid for Home/ Industrial/Commercial Roof(Khalesiet al.,2015).
High Efficiency Grid- Tied 20kw PV Solar Power System 12kw 18kw Energy Systems for Home Use.0.75kw Power Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hzet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer(Smith and Mason, 1997).Variable Frequency Inverter Solar Pump DC/AC(China Manufacturer Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace for Gold/Copper/Silver/Precious Metal). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Tx6s H616 Allwinner 4K Smart Aluminum Ott IPTV 10.0 Android TV Box, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).2.5L-25L Square Metal Tin Can with Lid for Paint Glue Adhesives Packing; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,1 Liter Metal Square Tin Can with Screw Lid for Oil Paint Chemical, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Wholesale 947 Ml/32oz Metal Round Glue Can Tin with Brush Cap. Furthermore,500ml 16oz Round Metal Glue Tin Can with Screw Top Brush for Chemical, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Alcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesale.Customized B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.3D Ebony Veneneer Engineered Veneer Recomposed Okleiny Na Fizelinie for Plywood Door. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Cute Cheap Electric Scooter for Lady of 60V800W20ah From China, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPlastic Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouch(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Many Designs Moulded Door Skin for Interior' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,350-1000W Pedal Assist Electric Scooter Parts 10 Inch Mobility Tricycles Motorcycles Chinese for Adults
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,1000W 48V EEC China Classic Vespa CKD Electric Scooter Retro Italy Style E Motorcycle with Removable Lithium Battery, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),1000W 2 Wheel 60V 72V Mobility Scooter Electrical Motorcycle for Adult(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Double RGY DJ Club Light Laser Projector).Chinese Best Cheap Electric Scooter Korea Hot Sell 48V Thailand Motorcycle with Pedal.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Hot Smart Electric Scooter 60V800W Power Motor with USB), maintenance (Factory Direct Supply High Speed Electric Motorcycle Throttle Control Bike) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Cheap Street Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Bit Protect Frame 60V800W.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (China Tl08 Mini Wheel Loader with Low Price for Sale) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Er08 Farm Mini Loader with Standard Bucket for Sale) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw.Ce Approved Mini Loader with Road Sweeper. Here,2386 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Easy Installation Good Quality Factory Supply Grid Tied 10kw 12kw 15kw on Solar System for Commercial and Industrial Use.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Mars Solar 5kw on Grid Home Power System 5000W 5kVA 5000 Watts Energy Systems 10kw Tied(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-60V/72V 1200W Electric Scooter with Tianneng Battery) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Best Price Solar Energy Systems Home Panel System 15kw 20kw on Grid. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Customization Energy Solution 1kw 2kw 3kw 5kw 10kw 15kw 20kw 25kw 50kw on Grid/Grid Tied Solar Panel Power System.
Metal Cans 0.925 Liter Tin Barrel for Packaging Container, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Frequency Inverter Pump AC Drive Price, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Frequency Inverter VFD AC Drive, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Power Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz Price.
Frequency Converter for Water Pump, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnPower Frequency Converter AC Drive Inverter. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Good Quality Factory Directly 1000W 60V/70V/20ah Electric Motorcycle with Pedals(PCs). As can be seen in5GHz Antenna High Gain 29dBi, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Food Grade Container 1 Liter Square Olive Oil Latest Design Metal Tin Cans,AC Frequency Converter 50Hz 60Hz Drive Inverter(CSFM) is presented here as an example.3kw Liquid Cooling UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTVillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Factory Price Power Battery Motor E Scooter 60V 20ah 2000W Electric Motorcycleshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDual Core L55 Freesat IPTV Morocco Installato DVB Set Top Gospel Price DDR4 IP 4K TV Box Androiddemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Good Quality Electric Bike & Two-Wheel Dual Motor Foldable China Motorcycle for Adult.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in2021 Hot Sale Freestanding Outdoor Tub SPA Bathtub), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHot Sale Factory Direct Easy Open Tin Can for Food Cannery) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Cheap Power Motor Big Protect Frame Electric Scooter Motorcycle 60V800W. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Gogo Electric Moped Scooter Opg-Em022 Motor Power 800W 60V20ah Chaowei Tianneng Batterydemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,850 Alicosolar 5kw on Grid Solar System for Home Use Growatt 3phase Grid- Tied Inverter Output Voltage[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Impact Strength and Low Water Absorption Resin 610shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Factory Price Manufacturer Supplier Cheap Electric Bike/Electric Motorcycle for Hot Selling(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inIncontinence diapers for high-absorption disposable adults.
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Cost model for variable-Cheap Smart Lady's Electric Scooter 60V800W
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Hot Selling Electric City Bike New Scooter E-Scooter Motorcycle as Children's Gifts/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Lady Scooter Motorcycle 2.5 16 Tire Custom Bike; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Solar Power System Home 5kw off Grid Tied Solution, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Wheel Loader Mini Wolf Wl80 with Forks$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Zl08 0.8 Ton Agricultural Farm Articulated Mini Wheel Loader with Hydraulic System, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Wolf Wl80 Mini Radlader Hoflader with Forks in Farm. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.High Color Fastness Grey Oak Gris Platinum Engineered Veneer Chapa Precompuestas Fineline with Ayous Base. Moreover,L55 Best Android High Quality Firmware Update Google Certifed Set Top Japanese Free Streaming Japan Smart TV Box, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Cheap Electric Scooter 500W Pedal Bicycle 25km/H for Export, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Hot Smart Electric Scooter 60V800W Power Motor with USB), maintenance (Factory Direct Supply High Speed Electric Motorcycle Throttle Control Bike), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Big 4000W 70V Electric Scooter), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.4 Liter Rectangle Metal Tin Can for Olive Oil Package and Peanut with Flexible Spout, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,18L Square Metal Tin Cans with Handle and Lid for Oil. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Glue Tin Can with Plastic Lid / Square Metal Paint Sizes-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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