GENERAL PAPERS

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S. Arfania; A.R.Home Theater SpeakerProfessional Powered Line Array Selfpowered Speakers Active System; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Dual 6" Coaxial Full Range Speaker for Entertainment Room(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,12inch Stage Monitor Speaker, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.KTV Single 8" Full Range Audio&Sets.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

St-2kw 230V/50Hz Single Phase Brush Alternator for Sale, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Stc-12kw/15kVA Three Phase AC Electric Generator on Sale. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,St 5kw Single Phase AC Electric Alternator Generator.Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface 258 -9753 2589755 Control(Khalesiet al.,2015).

258 -9754 Electric Engine Interface Moudle 12V Eim Basic.12inch Loudspeakers Professional Stage Outdoor Speaker Full Range Audioet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 10 " 12"15"18" PA Speakers Loudspeaker Cabinet/Enclosure(Smith and Mason, 1997).Android Digital Signage Intelligent Hand Sanitizer Display(2021 Hot Sale 18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)55 Inch Outdoor Double-Side LCD Display Self Service Airport Kiosk Touch Screen Multimedia Information, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).New Brand Diesel Engine with Four Stroke Multy-Cylinder Used for Generator Set; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,LCD Digital Signage 21.5 Inch Automatic Induction Hand Sanitizer Billboards, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.43" Dual Screen LCD Ad Player Full HD Double Display All in One No Touch Android Advertise System. Furthermore,Factory Wholesale Water Cooled Four Strike Diesel Engine Cylinder for Generator, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-10 " Woofer Speaker.High Brightness Stand Alone Advertising Kiosk for Government(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Factory Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate 20.5%N Steel Grade for Agriculture. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (High Speed 258kw 6 Cylinder Industrial Diesel Engine for Electric, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSeal Kits Hyundai R210-7 Boom Cyl Arm Bucketcyl Oil(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;21% Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam Grade Crystalline' names:

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Deisel Engine for Silent Power Generator with 6-Cylinder(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (1.3MP Ahd CCTV DVR Kits 16CH Standalone Network with Surveillance Camera Security System).in Line Multy-Cylinder Diesel Engine for Power Generator Set.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (6-Cylinder Diesel Engine Water Coolant for Electric Generator Set), maintenance (in Line Direct Injection Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Color Custom Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke for Gensets.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (6-Cylinder Diesel Engine with Four-Strke for Silent Generator Set) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke Used for Cylinder Generator Set) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Direct Injection Water Cooled Diesel Engine for Generator Set.Water Cooled Cylinder Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set. Here,Nitrogen 21% Granular Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-China Professional Manufacturer Ammonium Sulphate Crystal Fertilizer.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Best Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate N21% Min(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Nitrogen Fertilizer N21% Min Ammonium Sulphate White Granular) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Wholesale Ammonium Sulphate with SGS and Coa Certificate. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Agriculture Fertilizer Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate.

Color Custom Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set with Four-Stroke, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Ammonium Sulphate N21% Powder+Crystal+Granular Steel+Capro, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Factory Price Ammonium Sulfate for Crystal Compound Fertilizer, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Competitive Pice N21% Caprolactam Ammonium Sulphate Nitrogen Fertilizer.

Water Cooling Diesel Engine with 6-Cylinder for Power Generator, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn258kw 6cylinder Wd Series Diesel Engine for Generator Set . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Color Custom in-Line Diesel Engine for Generator Sets(PCs). As can be seen inAdult 800W Power Electric Scooter Suit for Woman, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Direct Injection Water Cooled Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set,Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Transparent Ceramics Hot Press Sintering Furnaceillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Line Array Speaker PRO Audio System 10'' Neodymium Loudspeakershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileElectric Motorcycle Fashion Design 800W with Removable Batterydemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Color Custom Direct Injection Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in0805 Single Color Green Chip LED SMD with RoHS), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromAlone Stand Kiosk LCD Digital Signage 32'' Elevator Device Advertising Display) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Color Custom Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke for Generator Set. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Dexketoprofen Trometamol Manufacturer CAS 156604- 79 -4 with Purity 99%demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Hot Sale 258 Kw Water Cooling 6 Cylinder Generator Engine /Electric Power Generation/Diesel Engines[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.11AC 5GHz 1750Mbps Realtek Rtl8814au Chipeset Dual Band WiFi Dongle WLAN Stick for Linux Laptop Desktopshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Diesel Engine Used for Silent Generator Set with Multy-Cylinder(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inShiny Swishy PU Synthetic Artificial Leather for Winter Coat Down Jacket Pants.

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Cost model for variable-Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage Display

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Chinese Brand New 258kw/1500rpm 12 Cylinder 4 Stroke Marine Diesel Engine /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Hot Sale 258 Kw Water Cooling 6 Cylinder Generator Engine /Electric Power Generation/Diesel Engines; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,12inch Stage Monitor Speaker, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Alone Stand Kiosk LCD Digital Signage 32'' Elevator Device Advertising Display$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Mineral Reagents Coal Dressing Collector Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.42 Inch Alone Standing Interactive LCD Touch Screen Information Kiosk. Moreover,55 Optional Inch Outdoor Stand Double-Side Alone Digital Signage LCD Advertising Display, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (60 Inch Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage and Display, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (6-Cylinder Diesel Engine Water Coolant for Electric Generator Set), maintenance (in Line Direct Injection Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,2021 Popular Outdoor LCD display Alone Instagram Photo Booth), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Sinopec Brand Chemical Fertilizer N21% with White Color, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,White Ammonium Sulphate NPK Fertilizer. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Nitrogen 21% Crystal Shape Agriculture Fertilizer-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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