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Qt4-36 Small Scale Concrete Block Making Machine/Concrete Moulding Machine
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Zl08f Mini Tractor Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel LoaderCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Cheap Price Zl08 0.8ton China Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Tractor LoadersMaster Batch Organic Colors; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Zl08f 0.8ton China Cheap Price Articulated Tractor Front Wheel Loader(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory Price Zl08 Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Farm Wheel Loader, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Factory Supply OEM Support Mxq PRO Rockchip Rk3229 Android 7.1 TV Box.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Natural Okoume Venner 0.90mmx6X9FT, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,All Sizes Good White Recon Veneer. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Dyed Natural Wood Veneer Oak Crown Cut for Hotel Decoration Shop Wall Kitchen Cabinet.15mm Pine Wood Core Block Board for Construction(Khalesiet al.,2015).
The New Natural Mahogany Okoume Veneer.Veneer Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed Repair for Joining Repairing Core Face Door Furnitureet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Upgraded Full HD North America Internet ATSC TV Decoder(Smith and Mason, 1997).982 High Efficiency up to 99% on Grid Solar System 50kw Plants for Large Scale Commercial(Fangpower 400cc 4seat Side by Dune Buggy UTV). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)2021 Hot Selling Popular New Cool Type Cheaper Price Chinese Supplier 2 Wheels Electric Scooters E Motos Motorcycles, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Windows Mini PC Pipo X10 PRO Z8350 Chipset Smart TV Box Android 5.1 4G RAM 64G ROM; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,5 Liter Paint Tin Can with Customized Printing Plastic Handle, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.2 Liter Square Small Metal Tin Can for Paint with Handle and Lid. Furthermore,502 Alicosolar High Quality 30kw on Grid Solar System 30000W Power Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-2382 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use.HK1 Smart TV Box Amlogic S905W Android 7.1 Quad Core 2GB 16GB(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Innopack 5L Paint Engine Oil Tin Can with Plastic Handle. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Innopack Food Grade Metal Tin Can for Edible Cooking Oil in Low Price, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPA Speaker Steel Back Plate (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Cheapest Price Mxq PRO Rk3229 4K Android TV Box 1GB 8GB Smart Set Top Download User Manual Firmware Update Wholesale Model' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,458 Alicosolar High Efficiency 10kw on Grid Solar System Kit Home with CE/TUV/ISO for Use
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,5kw Single Phase Home Grid Tied Solar Power System, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Hot Sale 15kw Grid Tied Solar Photovoltaic Power System(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Ai Detection Long Distance Body Fever Alarm IR Infrared Thermal Camera).5kw Inverter Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (975 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory/House Roof), maintenance (Rosen 55kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Cheap Factory Price China Supplier 1000W Adult Electric Scooters/Electric Motorcycle for Sale.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Hot Cheap Electric Scooter 60V800W20ah for Adult From China) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Luxury 350W 2 Wheel Electric Bike Scooter/Electric Moped with Pedals Motorcycle Scooter) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Cheap Cute Electric Scooter with Foot Pedal 60V800W20ah From China.China Qingzhou Titan Zl08f 0.8ton Mini Small Garden Tractor Front End Wheel Loader. Here,Three Phase 220V Frequency Converter with Vector Control, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.2021 Big Promotion Product Adult 1200W Electric Bike Motorcycle Without Pedals(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 200HP) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Factory Price Wholesale 4oz-32oz Empty PVC Glue Tin Can with Brush. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Okoume Veneer.
Luneng Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Chinese Factory Tin Can with Brush for Glue and Sealants Adgesives, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Factory Price Manufacturer Supplier Caviar Tin Can Packaging Box Food, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Customized Metal Tea Canister Food Packaging Box Round Can Tin.
Square Tin with Airtight Lever Lid for Tea, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHot Sale Factory Direct Easy Open Tin Can for Food Cannery. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).968 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof(PCs). As can be seen inChina E-Bike Manufacturer Dropship Electro Motorcycle Electric Beach Cruiser Bicycle Chopper for Girls, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Interior Decorative Woven Veneer Customized Style,4WD Wheel Loader Manufacture Small Radlader 1.0 Ton Mini780(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 125HPillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp with Edison Chipshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHigh Purity Amino Acid L-Arginine Powderdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Farm Machinery Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader with 4 in 1 Bucket.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inOpen/Silent UK Engine 4012-46tag2a 1200kw/1500kVA 1320kw/1650kVA Power Electric Diesel Genset Generator), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromGlass Bottle 1L Empty 1000ml Milk) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin
Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Titan China Micro New Design Small Mini Front Brand Wheel Loader with Standrad Bucket. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Stainless Steel Metal Rotray Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Aluminumdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Purity 99% Intermediate 1shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in24V 576LEDs COB Strip Light Outdoor Decoration IP67 Waterproof LED Tape Linear.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Chinese Suppliers B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Wolf Baumaschinen Zl08 Radlader with Canopy; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory Price Zl08 Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Farm Wheel Loader, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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0.25-1.0mm Hot Sale Natural Red Beech Veneer for Furniture$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Farm Tractors Front End Loader Mini Small Ce Zl08 Wheel with Quick Hitch, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Cute City Electric Scooter 600V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. Moreover,Natural Wood Veneer Oak /Cherry/Walnut MDF Board, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Zl08 0.8ton Mini Tractor Backhoe Front End Farm Wheel Loader Price List, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (975 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory/House Roof), maintenance (Rosen 55kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Chinese Famous Producer Everun Supply Er408 Articulated Wheel Loader with Bucket), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.0.3mm Rotary Cut Red Wood Veneer, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Factory-Quater Cut Okoume Veneer /Mahogany in 0.50mm. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Prasad, L. 1969.Al-Gw6 China Best Adult Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Sale.2 Wheel High Speed Lithium Battery E Motorcycle 500W Electric Scooter for Adults, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15. [Hop Quality and Competitive Price Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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