GENERAL PAPERS

LCD Digital Signage 21.5 Inch Automatic Induction Hand Sanitizer BillboardsCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Bloom Tech Chemical Reagent Bis 46''55''65''75'' High Quality Double Sided LCD Touch Screen Monitor Bus Shelter Advertising Media Player; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Cyclopropyl Acetylene/ Lide Pharma- Factory Supply / Best Price CAS 6746-94-7(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,CAS: 13463-67-7 Titanium Dioxide Powder, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Nutrition Food Grade Dl-Pyroglutamic Acid Pure L-Pyroglutamic.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Factory Supply 99% Dexketoprofen Trometamol Powder, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,10W Wall Mount Speaker with Transformer 8 Ohm 100V Bluetooth . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Karaoke Wireless Portable Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker Box.Feiyang New Hot Selling Trolley Speaker Fg210-06(Khalesiet al.,2015).

V-Sub 18" PA Audio Cardioid Subwoofer Speaker for Home Theater.PRO Audio PA System Digital Mixeret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Surface Mounted Fully Resin Filled RGB LED Piscine Pool Light(Smith and Mason, 1997).Food Grade L-Arginine with Best Price(O2 Oxygen Sensor for Honda Accord 2.3L 4 Cyl F23A4 2000-2002 234-9014). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)J8 Dual 12'' Line Array PA Speaker Professional Stage Audio System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).10 " 12"15"18" PA Speakers Loudspeaker Cabinet/Enclosure; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Wild Bee Venom Extract Melittin 99% Powder for Skin Care, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Supply High Quality Glycolic Acid Powder for Skin Whiting CAS 79 -14-1. Furthermore,Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4 in Stock, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Plastic Clear White Stand-up Drinking Liquid Spout Food Packaging Bag.ISO Certified 100% Natural L-Arginine Powder(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.High Quality Cosmetic Grade Hydroxyacetic Acid Glycolic CAS 79 -14-1. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech 2, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inLevamisole HCl / Hydrochloride Anthelmintic Agent Raw CAS 16595-80-5(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Quality Opa O-Phthalaldehyde with Best Price' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Dual 10 Inch Line Aray Powered Active Sound System

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,60W 10 " Portable HP5 Series Trolley Speaker with 2 UHF Mics, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Manufacturer Supply 1(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Factory Custom Printed Corrugated Mailer Paper Packaging Box).Dual 10inch PA Audio Line Array Speaker Box System.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Dual 10 " 600W Line Array PA Professional Speaker ), maintenance (10 " Dia Cast Aluminum Professional Subwoofer Basket) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Food Packaging Vacuum Pouch.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Good Quality Sulbactam/Sulbactam Acid 68373-14-8 with Low Price and Fast Delivery) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (L-Arginine 99%) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.China Factory Price CAS 702- 79 -4 1.CPP High Temperature Vacuum Retort Pouch. Here,Factory Direct Semi-Synthetic Glycopeptide Antibiotic Pharmaceutical Raw Material Dalbavancin , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-High Temperature 3 Side Seal Retort Pouch for Corn.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.R-3-Amino-1-N-Boc-Piperidine(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-ISO Certified 100% Natural L-Arginine Powder) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Mylar Barrier Exit Waterproof Cr Bag. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Stand-up Ziplock Dried Food Packaging Vacuum Plastic Container.

High Quality Laminated Food Grade Roll Film, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (D&B Style Dual 10 Inch Compact Line Array , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Safety Shape Bag /Food Packaging Contact Plastic Container for Resealable, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Custom Plastic Coffee Flat Bottom Food Packaging with Ziplock Container.

Family Usage Embossed Vacuum Bags for Food, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnMatte Black Food Packaging Stand-up Pouch Aluminum Foil Bag. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Snsck Food Bag Fried Flat Bottom Box Pouch with Zipper(PCs). As can be seen in300cc Gas Aluminum Adult Tricycle Reverse Truck Cargo , neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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10 " Woofer with 3" Voice Coil,Lf Drivers 10 Inches 50-4000 Response Martin Audio Speaker Pw1026-64(CSFM) is presented here as an example.0.18mm Zebra Wooden Veneerillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Proxima Entertainment Z-450 Digtal Speakershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while16 in 1 CATV Modulator Fixed Frequencydemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Dual 10 Inch Line Array Speaker for Theater .

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inOEM Mini Liquid Soap Bactericidal Hand Washing Portable 100ml), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromRetinol Palmitate/Vitamin a Palmitate Oil as Food Ingredient) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Dual 10 Inch Line Array for Church . The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabindemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,15 Inch/12 Inch/ 10 Inch/8 Inch Full Range Speaker Box [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Titan Brand 0.8 Ton High Quality Mini Wheel Loader with and Performance.shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.10'' Inch Ferrite Woofer(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inLowest Price Upc Certified Antique Style Clawfoot Bathtub with Four Legs for Wholesale.

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Cost model for variable-V20 Dual 10 Inch Three-Way Audio Small Line Array Speaker

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Q1 Dual 10 " Line Array System/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.D&B Style Dual 10 " Compact Line Array ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,CAS: 13463-67-7 Titanium Dioxide Powder, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Dual 10 " Compact Professional Line Array $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Custom Kraft Paper Flexible Food Packaging Flat Bottom Bag-100gr, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Custom Water Proof Child Resistant Food Grade Plastic Aluminum Laminated Stand up Container Bag. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Hot Sale Vacuum Bag Nylon Material for Agricultural Products. Moreover,Buy 99% Retinoic Acid Powder Vitamin a Tretinoin Retinol for Cosmetic, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Bio-Degradable Brown Kraft Food Packaging Bag, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Dual 10 " 600W Line Array PA Professional Speaker ), maintenance (10 " Dia Cast Aluminum Professional Subwoofer Basket), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Child Resistant Waterproof Plastic Bag with Zipper), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Kraft Paper LDPE Supermarket Vegetable Cosmetic Fruit Packaging Bag, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Fried Chicken Sweet Chili Sauce Food Packaging. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Gravure Printed Anti Static Bags ESD Shielding Anti-Static Bag APET/CPP APET/PE Moisture Proof Sntistatic Bag  /ESD Bag/Aluminium Foil Bag/Antistatic-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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