GENERAL PAPERS

Building Material Commercial Plywood with Carb to EuropeCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel LoaderDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s355A; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Tin Cans with Metal Cover for Paint or Chemical Packaging(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Yihe Brand 300-600m Face/Core Veneer Door Furniture Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed for Joining Repairing, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.5L Chemical Oil Tinplate Can with Metal Press Cover.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

15L Tinplate Closed Paint Bucket Water Based Glue Metal Pail, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,0.28mm Red Oak Artificial Veneer. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Olive Oil Metal Container Edible Tin Can with Plastic Lid.5L Engine Motor Oil Can Screw Top Rectangular Metal Tin(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Euro5, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inOutdoor 5GHz 30dBi Long Range Parabolic Grid Antenna(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Retro Scooters' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,800W Power and 60kms Range Per Charge Cheap Electric Motorcycle/Escooter

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Frequency Converter Special for Driving Asynchronous Motors 380V 50/60Hz, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufacturer(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Waterproof Running Custom Waist Bag/Reflective Belt with Bottle Holder/Gym Sports Men Fanny Pack Logo).Empty Round Tin Can Paint Package Container.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Factory-Engineer White Oak Veneer in 0.25mm), maintenance (Rectangular Brake Oil Container Motor Engine Tin Can) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Customized Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufacturer.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Edible Oil Can Manufacturer Square Food Grade Metal Tin) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (China Titanhi Zl08 800kg Compact Agricultural 0.8t Micro Pay Loader 4WD) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Compact structure mini loader/wheel loader/ with 0.8ton bucket for building construction.CE Approved Wolf 0.8ton Bulldozer Mini Loader with Bucket. Here,1051 China Manufacturer Big on Grid Solar System Government Projects 1 MW 5wm 10, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-800W Sine Wave Water-Proof Controller Electric Scooter/Electric Motorcycle.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Metal Tin Can Engine Oil Empty Tinplate Container(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Rosen 35kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,800W High Speed Electric Scooter/Bike. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)800W 60V20ah Brushless Electric Motorcycles.

10L Customized Tin Cans Paint Coating Used Metal Square Can, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (500W/ 800W / 1000W E Scooter/Electric Moped/Electric Bike, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Square Engine Oil Can Metal Paint Tin Container with Plastic Lid, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,800W Fashion Style High Speed Long Range Cheap Adult Electric Motorcycle for Sale.

Cheap Small Electric Scooter Moped 800W Motorcycle, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnFrequency Converter for Small Power Motors 3pH 380V 50/60Hz. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Manufacturer of Rectangular Brake Oil Motor Engine Tin Can(PCs). As can be seen inBest Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate N21% Min, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Automobile Paint Can 5L Square Tin with Metal Cap for Ink Oil,866 5kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home(CSFM) is presented here as an example.12V AC Warm White PC Mini Flat Resin Filled LED Pool Lightillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Fluid Storage Containers Lubricants for Useshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileWholesales Hairdressing College 100% Real Natural Hair Practice Mannequin Training Head for Hairdresserdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Food Grade Metal Tin Can with Printing Logo for Cooking Oil.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inUSB Endoscope 7mm Lens 5m Cable Waterproof 6 LED Borescope Tube Inspection Video Photo Capture Mini Camera), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSingle 10 Inches Passive/Active Full-Range Professional Loudspeaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.800W Electric Scooter . The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Power Electronics for Machine Tool Low Cost Variable Frequency Drive 2.2kwdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Good-Sealing Square Tin Can Engine Oil with Metal Lid[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Factory Supply Benzaldehyde CAS 100-52-7 99% with Best Price in Stockshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.0.15mm-1.0mm Okume/ Bintangor/ Sapelli Natural Veneer From Linyi Orikey Wood(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inMetal Anti-Vandal Design Access Controller Keypad Standalone Two Door RFID Wiegand.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Natural Wood Bintangor Face Veneer for Door and Furniture/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Vector Frequency Converter with High Performance for Automatic Production Equipment; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Yihe Brand 300-600m Face/Core Veneer Door Furniture Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed for Joining Repairing, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Electric Motorcycle $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.High-Performance Frequency Converter Three Phase 380V 50/60Hz, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)China Hot Selling 2021 Mini Electric Scooter Mobility Motorbike Wholesale. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Electric Motorcycle . Moreover,Electric Motorcycle , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Electric Motorcycle, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Factory-Engineer White Oak Veneer in 0.25mm), maintenance (Rectangular Brake Oil Container Motor Engine Tin Can), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Electric Motorcycle ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.750ml Metal Tin Can Container for Chili Oil Canning, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Hot Sale Food Packaging Tin Can for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Metal Engine Oil Can Recycling Lubricant Tin Packaging Container-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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