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Hook & Loop Strap
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
20MHz RF Best Technology for Skin TightenCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.CAS No. 151103-09-2 4- Jwell- PVC Plastic Wood-Plastic Vertex Angle Decoration Profile Recycling Extrusion Machine with Factory Price; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Sophisticated Price of Polyamide Resin for Whosale(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,100% Purity Phenol Polyamide Resin, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Polyamide Resin.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Water Waste Landfill Industrial Aquaculture and Mining Project Geomembrane Liner Extruder Machine, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Hot Sale Hy-688 Polyamide Resin. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,100% High Purity Polyamide Resin for Ink.Jwell-PVC Plastic Rigid Transparent Sheet Thickness 0.3-3mm Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Making Machine for Electrics Packing(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Polyamide Resin.Jwell-PVC Plastic Foaming|Semi-Skinning Board Recycling Agricultural Making Extrusion|Co-Extrusion Machine for Furniture Decoration Factory Direct Buyet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Food Grade Round Tin Can for Welded Milk Powder Packaging(Smith and Mason, 1997).Geomembrane Making Machine(Solar Inverter Pump Inverters 5.5kw). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Spoke Wheel 26-Inch 21-Speed Top with Bicycle, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).26 Inch Mountain Bike From China Bicycle; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,PE Waterproof Roll Extrusion Machine, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.PE Extra-Width Geomembrane/Waterproof Sheet Extrusion Line. Furthermore,PE Geomembrane/Waterproof Sheet Extrusion Line, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-6speed 20inch Wheel Aluminum Alloy Folding Mountain Bike.Bike Hidden Folding Mountain Ebike Suspension Bicycle(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Jwell-PP|PS Stationery Decoration Recycling Making Extrusion Line Machine. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Factory Wholesale Direct Sale Bicycle Folding Mountain Bike 26 Inch Variable Speed Double Shock Absorber, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inEuro 4 Certificate(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Hot Sale Am 20 "Mountain Bike with 21 Speeds' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Cosmetic Ultramarine Violet Soap Pigment Matte Manufacturer
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Cosmetic Grade Ultramarine Violet Manufacturer, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Factory Supply Benzaldehyde CAS 100-52-7 99% with Best Price in Stock(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Disposable cloth-like nappies and non-woven baby).Dimer Acid Based Polyamide Resin for The Epoxy Material.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Dimer Acid Liquid for Monthly Output 5000mt Co-Solvent Polyamide Resin), maintenance (Weather Resistance Nylon Polyamide Resin) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,High Purity 2.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Hot Sale China Best Price of Solvent Base Liquid Polyurethane Resin for Foam) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (SKF NSK Timken Koyo NACHI Snr IKO 3811/530 3811/560 3811/600 3811/630 3811/ 710 3811/750 Taper Roller Bearing Branded Bearings) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Single Row Cylindrical Roller Bearing .Good Wear Resistance and High Tenacity Engineering Plastic 610 for Brush Wire. Here,OLED Intermediates 2-, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Zys Hot Sale Wind Turbine Bearing 010.30.560/630/ 710.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Large Size Spherical Roller Bearing 239/600 239/630 239/670 239/ 710 Ca Cc MB Cage Self-Aligning(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-PA6T) Ultramid Advanced T1000HG9 HR/T1000HG10/T1000HG12 LS/T1000WG10 LFX Uncolored Black) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Dust Collector Machine Wood. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)CAS No: 67700-43-0 Esters Soluble Liquid PU Polyurethane Resin for Inks.
High Adhesion Polyurethane PU Resin for Printing Ink, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Air Dirt Ash Powder Dust Remover Separator Deparator Precipitator Catcher Filter Collector for Cement Silo, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Top Selling Polyurethane Adhesive Resin, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Jwell PLA Pet Sheet Cup Packing Making Extrusion Line Machine.
PA Resin for Gravure Plastic and Paper Printing Ink, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnJwell-PLA Pet Sheet Recycling Cup Packing Making Extrusion Machine. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Jwell-PLA Sheet Recycling Plastic Cup Food Packing Making Extrusion Machine(PCs). As can be seen inChemical Reagent Bloom Tech 3-Dimethylaminophenylboronic Acid CAS 178752- 79 -9, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Jwell HDPE Waterproof Membrance Roll Extrusion Line,Silo Top Pulse Jet Dust Collectors Collector Hopper for Cement(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Factory Customized Automobile Automotive Vehicle Parts Electric Drive and Motor Shaftillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.4X8 Size Rotary Cut Okoume Veneer for Plywood Face and Backshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePremium quality and very competitive price for Permethrin 25% ECdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Film.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in500ml Custom Liquid Hand Wash Soap Factory Wholesale), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromAndroid TV Box 7.1 Smart Full HD 1080P Video Motherboard for Kodi 17.6) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Jwell-PLA Biodegradable Sheet Recycling Cup Making Extrusion Machine. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Best Quality Safe Delivery 1demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Excellent Gel Resistance Ability Polyamide Resin[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Wholesale Arabic Style Modular Furniture Top Genuine Leather Living Room Set with Tea Tableshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Jwell PP/PC Sheet Extrusion Equipment(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in5.5*2.1 Metal DC Socket.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].High Toughness and Tensile Strength Resin 610/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Toughness High Engineering Plastics 610 for Auto Parts; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,100% Purity Phenol Polyamide Resin, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Three Heads Woodworking Machine Atc CNC Router. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.High Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weigher with Hand Manual Jack, indicated in12" Mono Base Hair Topper Best Quality Virgin Remy Human #4 Chocolate Brown Straight Real Hairpieces Factory Wholesale Price Accessories, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
HDPE Water/Gas Supply Pipe Extrusion Line$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Automatic Tool Changing CNC Router with 9kw Hsd Spindle. Wood Door Carving Atc, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Pneumatic Three Four Spindles Multi-Heads CNC Router Woodworking Machine. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Disc Atc Automatic Tools Changer Wood CNC Router Woodworking Machine. Moreover,Tank Dust Removing Machine with Filter Cartridge, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Quadrant Stainless Steel Shower Room with 8mm Tempered Glass, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Dimer Acid Liquid for Monthly Output 5000mt Co-Solvent Polyamide Resin), maintenance (Weather Resistance Nylon Polyamide Resin), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,HDPE Water/Gas Supply Pipe Extrusion Machinery), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Factory Price 1325 Atc CNC Router Automatic Tool Change Machinery, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,HDPE Water/Gas Supply Pipe Extrusion Equipment. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.45cm High Tray Toughened Glass Curved Quadrant Shower Cabin-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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