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Red Sandstone
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Custom Waterproof and Oil Sealing Round Metal Tin CanCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Fan Speed Controller Solar Power Inverter ChinaStrong Corrosion Resistance High Overload Pressure Sensor; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Mini 220V Single Phase Input 2.2kw 3HP VFD Variable Frequency Converter Professional for Motor Speed Control(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Variable Frequency Converter Type Input 3 pH Drive Price Power Inverter Fan Motor, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.General Type Input 3 pH 380V Frequency Converter Variable AC Drive.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
0.8ton Agricultural Tractor Mini/Small Front Wheel Loader, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Teak Wood Veneer Woven Design for Plywood Door. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 7.5kw.Zl08 Wheel Loader Wl80 Wolf Mini(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Zl08 0.8ton Articulated Hydraulic Farm Wheel Loader Tractor.Popular hot selling 0.8ton mini wheel loader/ front end loader with bucket on saleet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Health Raw Material Dibasic Sodium Phosphate CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4 with High Quality(Smith and Mason, 1997).China New Design Everun Er408 Mini Small Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Pump(10 Inch KTV System Woofer). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)3 Phase AC Drive for Water Pump and Fan, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).910 Alicosolar 10kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,E0 Glue1250*2500mm Wenge Engineer Veneer for Decoration, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Wood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets. Furthermore,Rotary Cut Bintagor Veneer for Panels and Furniture with Good Price, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-High Quanlity 1 Phase 3 AC Drive VFD for Pump.Factory-Okoume Veneer 0.25mm-0.60mm in a and B Grade(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Engineered Ebony Veneer Ecowood Reconstituted Macassar Quarter Cut. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (899 Alicosolar 9kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inGuangzhou Manufacturer Empty Anti Bacterial Diesel Additive Can for Fuel Cleaner(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Promotional Commercial Tx6s Ota Auto Update Android 4K Ott TV Box Firmware Allwinner H616 4GB 32GB' names:
►3phase VFD: based on 36-foot,0.75kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter,Round Gloss Tin Can Metal for Edible Olive Oil Canning,Universal Vector Inverter, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Frequency Inverter 220V 50/60Hz 60HP Three Phases Acdrive
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High-Performance Variable Frequency Inverter 3-Phase 380V, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Wl80 Mini Loader From Wolf(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Two Colors Free Stand Acrylic Hot Tub 1800mm Square Bathtub).Wolf Mini Wheel Loader Wl950 Farm.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader), maintenance (Tin Cans with Metal Cover for Paint or Chemical Packaging) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Yihe Brand 300-600m Face/Core Veneer Door Furniture Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed for Joining Repairing.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (5L Chemical Oil Tinplate Can with Metal Press Cover) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (15L Tinplate Closed Paint Bucket Water Based Glue Metal Pail) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.0.28mm Red Oak Artificial Veneer.Olive Oil Metal Container Edible Tin Can with Plastic Lid. Here,5L Engine Motor Oil Can Screw Top Rectangular Metal Tin, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Pipo X8 Win 10 + Android 4.4 Dual Boot Intel Z3736f Mini PC TV Box Wholesale Smart Set Top.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Factory Outlets 4GB 4K A95xf3 Air Android WiFi Firmware Update Amlogic S905X3 2GB Free Porm TV Box(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-New Product T95 Max+ S905X3 World 9.0 6K 4G Lte Download User Manual for Max 4K Smart Android Box TV) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Food Grade 280ml Empty Tin Can for Camellia Oil. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)800W Fashion Power Motorcycle Cheap Electric.
Rectangular Glue Tin Can Empty Clear Paint, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Metal Tinplate Container Engine Oil Can with Screw Cap, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Square Tin Paint Packaging Can Lubricant Oil Containers, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,800W Electric Scooter/Motorcycle with LED Light.
Citycoco Electric Motorcycle E6 Cheap OEM E Bike, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn800W Deft Fresh Type Drum Brake Brushless Motor Electric Motorcycle. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Euro5(PCs). As can be seen inCustom CNC Machining Stainless Steel Small Tablet Press Machine Parts Pill Shape Mold Punches and Dies, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Ash Solid Wood decoration Boardshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDual 12" Subwoofer Speaker Boxdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Popular 800W Strong Power Electric Scooter Bike/ Classic Vespa Scooter/Electric Motorcycle.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSmart Collection Perfume), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPlastic Sheet Machine PC Polycarbonate Solid) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.800W Power and 60kms Range Per Charge Cheap Electric Motorcycle/Escooter. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Chinese Famous Brand Canmax Wheel Loader Cm908 Using Hydraulic Pump Machinery Can Be Used in Farmsdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Frequency Converter Special for Driving Asynchronous Motors 380V 50/60Hz[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Universal LPG Gas Completed ECU Conversion Kitshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufacturer(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCustomized Motor Pulling 5 Ton European Electric Wire Rope Hoist with Motorized Trolley Mobile Equipment/Handling Equipment.
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Cost model for variable-Empty Round Tin Can Paint Package Container
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Factory-Engineer White Oak Veneer in 0.25mm/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Rectangular Brake Oil Container Motor Engine Tin Can; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Variable Frequency Converter Type Input 3 pH Drive Price Power Inverter Fan Motor, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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China Titanhi Zl08 800kg Compact Agricultural 0.8t Micro Pay Loader 4WD$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Compact structure mini loader/wheel loader/ with 0.8ton bucket for building construction, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)CE Approved Wolf 0.8ton Bulldozer Mini Loader with Bucket. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.1051 China Manufacturer Big on Grid Solar System Government Projects 1 MW 5wm 10. Moreover,800W Sine Wave Water-Proof Controller Electric Scooter/Electric Motorcycle, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Metal Tin Can Engine Oil Empty Tinplate Container, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader), maintenance (Tin Cans with Metal Cover for Paint or Chemical Packaging), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Rosen 35kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.800W High Speed Electric Scooter/Bike, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,800W 60V20ah Brushless Electric Motorcycles. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.10L Customized Tin Cans Paint Coating Used Metal Square Can-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Adult Electric Motorcycle/Electric Bike/E-Bike W Waterproof with Double Disc Brakes/2 Wheel ScooterChina Best Price Sell 99% USP Grade Chemicals Supplements L-Arginine Raw Powder CAS: 74- 79 -3Corresponding author