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Cemented Carbide Tungsten Diamond Wire Drawing Die for Industry
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light UnderwaterCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Lanosterol 79 -63-0 Modern City Leisure Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Lithium Battery ; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Seaweed Iodine Factory Price Wholesale 99% with Chemical CAS/ 68333- 79 -9(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,99% Purity Local Cinchocaine Powder Dibucaine CAS 85- 79 -0 Price, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Purity Retinol Palmitate Powder.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Hot Sale Dual 10 " Speaker PRO Audio , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,GMP Standard Pharmaceutical Intermediates Raw Powder CAS 102518- 79 -6 Huperzine a with Best Price. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Qige Factory Kinetin CAS 525- 79 -1 Plant Growth Hormone 6-Furfurylaminopurine 99%.China Factory Price Chlorhexidine Diacetate CAS 206986- 79 -0(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Plastic Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouch.Dual 10 Inch Rated Power 700 Watts Italian Neodymium Drivers Active Line Array Systemet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Customized Hot Stamping Printed Bags with Your Own Logo or Design Food Packaging Airtight Pouches Aluminum Foil Zip Lock Child Resistance up Squeeze(Smith and Mason, 1997).High Purity and Good Price Glycolic Acid (EEC Efi Racing Motorbike Motorcycles 125cc). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Heat Seal Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouch, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).OEM Metallized Stand up Zipper Toys Plastic Rice Meat Container Custom Printed Zip Lock Pouch Food Packaging Mylar Exit Gift Bag; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,10 Inch Powered PA Speaker Full Range Stereo System, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Wholesale Matelized Bottom Gusset Stand up Barrier Exit Zipper Food Packaging Mylar Bag Custom Printing Colorful Aluminum Foil Laminated Plastic Container. Furthermore,Biodegradable 3 Side Sealed Food Vacuum Pack Transparent Plastic Bags Packaging for Frozen Ny/PE/OPP Sealer Cooler Bag, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-3X3 video wall LCD HD 1080P digital display screen.Food Saver High Transparent Vacuum Plastic Bag(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Cvr 2021 New 10'' Line Array Professional. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (10'' Red Steel Woofer, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inRetro Scooters(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Single 10 Inch Two Way Professional Passive Coaxial Monitor Speaker' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,PRO Audio Powered Line Array Tw- 10 Outdoor Speaker
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Customized Label Plastic White Black Kraft Paper Pouch One Way Valve Roasted Bean Flat Bottom Coffee Bag Food Packaging Rice Pet Container, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Mylar Recyclable Heat Sealed Coffee Bean Rice Dough Powder(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (KOCEL AJS 1000A 1000*600*500mm Large Build Size Professional 3DP 3D Printer for Industrial Rapid Prototyping).V8/Vsub Dual 10 " Compact Indoor/Outdoor Stage Line Array Speaker.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Morin Professional Audio 10inch Line Array Speaker Tw- 10 & Tw-18 Sub), maintenance (Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Mylar Kraft Paper Stand up Flat Bottom Side Gusset Food Grade Packaging Bag Pouch with Zipper Recyclable Barrier Rice Coffee) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Mylar Chocolate.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Professional Speaker System Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Audio V310) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Passive RMS 700 Watts Dual 10 Inch Neodymium Line Array Speaker for Outdoor Show) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Outdoor Speaker Dual 10 Inch Line Array.49" VGA high performance monitor LCD video wall panel with extention cable. Here,LG LD490DUN-TJB2 LCD wall mount video with 2X2 panel, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-High Quality Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price Acid Glycolic.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.1.8mm ultra narrow bezel 16: 9 LED TV video wall for home(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-wall mount 16: 9 LCD screen video for big project) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,aluminium video wall LCD HD 1080P flat panel display. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)LG LD550DUN-TKB1 video wall system with matrix switcher.
Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Bag Eight Sides Seal Side Gusset Standing Plastic Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Packaging, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Eight Sides Seal Bag Side Gusset Standing Plastic Clear Coffee Bags Manufacturer Reusable PE Pet Food, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Laser Aluminum Resealable Value Pack Stand up Zip Lock Bag Hologram Self Seal Zipper Plastic Sealing Digital Food Packaging Mylar Paper Glossy, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,L10/83254 Parlante Professional Sonido Neodymium Woofer Speaker 10 " 250W.
Prfessional Audio 10''karaoke Loudspeaker, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn10 Inch KTV System Woofer. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Cheap Recycled Brown Kraft Paper Bag with Window 7&Slider Different Capacities Ziplock Manufacturer Heat Sealable Food Storage Doypack Packaging Container(PCs). As can be seen in2.8X1.9 Large Size Rotary Cut Okoume Face Veneer, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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10 Inch Compact Line Array PRO Audio,10 Inch Indoor Outdoor Professional Loudspeaker(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Australia Modern Home Furniture Living Room Leather Sofa Couch Fp-Fs450illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Luxury 350W 2 Wheel Electric Bike Scooter/Electric Moped with Pedals Motorcycle Scootershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while15'' Waterproof Subwoofer with High Spl Use Indoor and Outdoordemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,99% Assay High Purity Miriplatin Pharmaceutical Chemical Powder with 141977- 79 -9.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inP235gh P265gh P296gh P355gh Boiler and Pressure Vessel Steel Plates), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromVimode Electric Scooter Adult Motorcycle for Adults 800W) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag High Quality Matte Surface Aluminum Foil Stand up Body Scrub. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Hot Good Bulk Quality 60V800W20ah Electric Motor Scooter for Ladiesdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag Eco Friendly Clear Beverage Liquid Packaging[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.12 Inch Audio Wireless Professional Portable Rechargeable DJ Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker with LED Light ED-1201 Wire Microphone 1PCSshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Hot Selling Best Price 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium Powder(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inRectangular Freestanding Acrylic Bathtub Reinforced by FRP for USA Europe.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Thiosemicarbazide CAS 79 -19-6/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.O-Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,99% Purity Local Cinchocaine Powder Dibucaine CAS 85- 79 -0 Price, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Pharmaceutical Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory Painkillers$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.1-Bromo-3, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Low Price 4. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.High Purity CAS 64318- 79 -2 Gemeprost. Moreover,Ziplock Dog Food Bag with Bottom Gusset, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (High Quality Glycolic Acid/ Hydroxyacetic Acid CAS 79 -14-1, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Morin Professional Audio 10inch Line Array Speaker Tw- 10 & Tw-18 Sub), maintenance (Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Mylar Kraft Paper Stand up Flat Bottom Side Gusset Food Grade Packaging Bag Pouch with Zipper Recyclable Barrier Rice Coffee), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Custom Printed Food Grade Ziplock Packing Bag), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Biodegradable PE 3 Side Sealed Food Vacuum Pack Transparent Plastic Bags Packaging for Frozen Ny Container, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Laminated for Coffee Foil Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Container. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Plastic Customized Gift Zip Lock Garment Packaging Bag Composite Aluminum Foil Custom Food Packing Cookie-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Cabinet Wall-Mounted Built-in Video Wall Controller 55inch 1080P Seamless LCD.Samsung 55inch Ultra Thin 1.7mm 700 Brightness 2X3 3X3 Video Wall Solution.Pharmaceutical Raw Powder Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory, Montreal. 265 pp. [2021 New Machine Grade CO2 Laser Marking with a Discount]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Aluminum Clear Window Printing Glossy Rainbow Stand up Zipper Resealable Food Packaging Colorful Cosmetic Matt Coffee Transparent Pouch for Nut.High Quality Oxytetracycline Powder 100% CAS 79 -57-2.Pharmaceutical Raw Powder Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory, Montreal. 319 pp. [969 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof]
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Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Eight Sides Seal Bag Side Gusset Standing Plastic Clear Coffee Bags Manufacturer Reusable PE Pet Food, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Stage Monitor PS10r2.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [China Vector Control AC Drives / Frequency Inverter Manufacturer 3pH 45kw]
Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Eight Sides Seal Bag Side Gusset Standing Plastic Clear Coffee Bags Manufacturer Reusable PE Pet Food, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Qt10-15 Automatic Concrete Cement Block Making Machine Price Brick]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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