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Wire Drawing Die Diamond Blanks in Hardware & Tools PCD Dies
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Long Using Life Shuttering Plywood with Logo for ConstructionCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.CATV Mini Line Extending 2-Way Amplifer180W Professional Speaker Coaxial Single 8" Two-Way Surround PC820; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.20MHz Probe Ophthalmology Ultrasound MD-2300S(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,860MHz Two Way Amplifier , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Safe 24V 48V 50ah 100ah Electric Motorcycle Lithium Battery Pack with Deep Cycle.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Ophthalmic a Scan Portable Handheld Biometer, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Ebike Battery Pack Li-ion 36V 10ah Lithium for Electric Scooter with Long Cycle Life. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Allsparkpower Solar 48V 5kw Inverter 10kwh Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Battery Storage for Home Power System.500W Air-Cooled Wide Band UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV(Khalesiet al.,2015).
10kw Cheap Solar Panels Complete Grid Tied System.High Energy Density Rechargeable 36V 48V 40ah 30ah 20ah Lithium Battery Pack for Electric Bicycleet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Professional Audio Loudspeaker V20 PA Speaker Vtx V25 PRO Line Array S25 G28 Powerful Subwoofer(Smith and Mason, 1997).Home Solar Energy Storage System 3.2V Battery Bank LiFePO4 100ah 50ah 20ah 10ah Lithium Pack(860MHz Two Way Amplifier ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)1380 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Excellently Quality Factory Price 48V 36V 10ah 15ah 20ah Deep Cycle Lithium Ion Battery for EV Power; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,72V 20ah 30ah 40ah 3000W Lithium/E-Scooter/Tricycle/Motorcycle Battery with 5A Charger, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.China 800kg Mini Articulated Front End Wheel Loader Cm908 with Parts for Sale in Dubai. Furthermore,Everun Er08 CE Wheel Loader with Standard Bucket for Sale, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-China Cpm Zl08 Mini Wheel Loaders with Price List for Sale.Wholesale Factory 12V 200ah Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Battery 24V(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Loader. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (18watt IP68 AC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Waterproof LED Pool Light, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inDigital Display Hygienic Pressure Indicator Transmitter(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Samll EPA 0.8ton Tractor Loader' names:
►Closed Motorized China Cargo Tricycle with Box : based on 36-foot,Covered Tricycle Carriage Closed Cargo Box,Waterproof IP68 PC Resin Filled Warm/Cool White Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty,0.8 Ton Garden Samll Loader 800kg Mini Front End 8 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Wheel, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Metal Packing Chemical Round Tin Can
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,1 Liter Cans for Curing Agent, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Cone Top 1 Liter Glue Usage Tin Can(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Universal Power Supply 5V 1500mA 1200mA Us Wall Mount USB Charger Adapter with UL/cUL FCC Approval).High Quality 1.2ton Loading Compact Loader Hr912 with Snow Bucket.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Super Hot Sale 18W AC Warm/Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light), maintenance (PC Epoxy Resin Filled Wall Mounted 12V AC 18W RGB Pool Light IP68 with Two Years Warranty) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,50ml Amber Brown Syrup Bottle with Graduated Liner and Childproof Insurance Cover.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (200ml Flat Shoulder Plastic HDPE Black Shampoo Bottle) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Tricycle with Wagon 3 Wheel Motorcycle Box) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.High Quality Hot Sale PC Epoxy Resin Filled 12V AC 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chips.Manufacturer Promotional Square Metal Tin Can for Tea Coffee Packing. Here,Motor Auto Hydraulic Open Three Wheel Motorcycle for Sale, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Hot PC Resin Filled 18W AC RGB Wall Mounted LED Underwater Light with Two Years Warranty.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.20watt Mopa Laser Marking Machine for Anodized Aluminum Black(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Hot Model 18W IP68 Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Pool Lighting with Edison Chips) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)2021 New E Bike Best Mini Electric for Adults.
Power Saver Device , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (1liter Empty Paint Tin Can with Lids Factory, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,60V800W Electric Scooter with Highlight Rear Box.
Empty Canister White Metal Round Packaging Cans Box Tea Tins, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn2021 Best Selling Dual Battery Pedal Assisted Electric Scooter Bicycle. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Edison Chip(PCs). As can be seen inDouble 10inch Line Array System Box , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Vintage Chinese Factory Customizable Classical Retro Style Cruiser Ebike Moped,Gogo Electric Moped Scooter Opg-Em022 Motor Power 800W 60V20ah Chaowei Tianneng Battery(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Pipo X9s Latest Dual Boot Mini PC 2GB 32GB Wins 10+Android 5.1 TV Box 4K Full HDillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Hot-Sale Sporty Electric Motorcycle Mn5shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileUSP Level Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,20'' 36V 500W Folding Electric Bike 35km/H with 12ah Lithium Battery.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in2 Drawers White Single Vanity Bathroom), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromEmtpy 250L Round Clutch Brake Fluid Small Can with Plastic Lid) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Hidden Lithium Power City Bike Mountain Electric Bicycle 250/350/500/ 800W Ebike. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Natural Wood Bintangor Face Veneer for Door and Furnituredemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Malaysia Laser Marking Machines for Jewellery[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.China Famous Brand Hr912 Shovel Loader for Agriculture Workingshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Enclosed Covered Tricycle with Wagon(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inUnique Aroma Luxurious Long Lasting Oriental Arabic Perfume Oils Concentrated Fragrance Pure.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Covered Tricycle Passenger Enclosed Cabin 3 Wheel Motorcycle/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Engine 150cc China 3 Wheel Motor Tricycle Chinese Commercial; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,860MHz Two Way Amplifier , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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10W 20W 30W portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.CATV 860MHz One Way Amplifier, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)CATV Optical Receiver Module Bgo887bo Excellent Flatness 40 to 860 MHz. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.CATV Amplifier Module Bgy887 24V 22.6db Excellent Return Loss Properties. Moreover,High Efficiency SIM Card Fiber Laser Marking Machine, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (2021 New Machine Grade CO2 Laser Marking with a Discount, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Super Hot Sale 18W AC Warm/Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light), maintenance (PC Epoxy Resin Filled Wall Mounted 12V AC 18W RGB Pool Light IP68 with Two Years Warranty), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,20W Fiber Laser Color Marking Machine for Colorful on Stainless Steel), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Mopa Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Black Printing, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,20W Table Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal Stainless Steel. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Portable Handheld Metal Plastic DOT Peen Marking Machine-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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1liter Empty Paint Tin Can with Lids Factory, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-5.8g Omni Antenna/Dual Frequency Antenna 2.4G 5.8g/2400-2500MHz Omi.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Softel 3ru CATV 24 Way Fixed-Channel Analog Modulator]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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