GENERAL PAPERS

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S. Arfania; A.R.Best Price Solar Energy Systems Home Panel System 15kw 20kw on GridDouble 12inch Active Coaxial 29kg Line Array Speaker System; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Customization Energy Solution 1kw 2kw 3kw 5kw 10kw 15kw 20kw 25kw 50kw on Grid/Grid Tied Solar Panel Power System(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Metal Cans 0.925 Liter Tin Barrel for Packaging Container, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Frequency Inverter Pump AC Drive Price.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Frequency Inverter VFD AC Drive, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Power Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz Price. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Frequency Converter for Water Pump.Power Frequency Converter AC Drive Inverter(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Lady Scooter Motorcycle 2.5 16 Tire Custom Bike, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inGrey Masterbatch for Plastic Chair(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;0.8 Ton Mini/Small Tractor Front End Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Forklift' names:

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Cheap Electric Scooter 500W Pedal Bicycle 25km/H for Export(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (3 Way Conversion Messenger Bag Anti Theft Outdoor Travel Laptop Backpack).Big 4000W 70V Electric Scooter.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (4 Liter Rectangle Metal Tin Can for Olive Oil Package and Peanut with Flexible Spout), maintenance (18L Square Metal Tin Cans with Handle and Lid for Oil) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Glue Tin Can with Plastic Lid / Square Metal Paint Sizes.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Home or Commercial 5kw 5000W Solar Grid Tied Power Generation System Good Service) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Grid Tied 30kw Solar PV System for Shingle Roof) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Good Quality Empty 1 Litre Metal Tin Paint Cans with Handle for Sale.Pinergy Grid Tied Solar Panel System 6kw Energy 110V Single Phase. Here,off Grid 5kw 10kw Solar Power System, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Pinergy 9kw on- Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home or Industrial Roof.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.2013 Popular Electric Motorcycle 90km with Pedal CE (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Chinese Zl08f Wheel Loader 0.8ton Mini with Quick Hitch for Sale) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Wolf Loader Wl80 Radlader Without Cabin. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Yn725g Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader Yn725.

Er08 New CE Approved Small Shovel Loader, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Everun Brand New Generation CE Approved Er408 0.8ton Mini Front End Wheel Loader, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader Yn725g, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,0.8 Ton Mini Front Loader Wl80 Shovel for Garden/Farm.

Low Frequency Inverter AC Drive, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnFrequency Inverter Converter 50Hz 60Hz. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Single Phase Mini AC DC Motor Speed Controller(PCs). As can be seen inMacassar Ebony Veneer Decorative Reconstituted Wood Veneers for Furniture Plywood HPL Door Skin, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Jarol Frequency Inverter JAC200 3 Phase 380V 4kw,Inverter(CSFM) is presented here as an example.ISO9001 Certificate Factory Supply Nylon 6pr New Motorcycle Tyre Tubesillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Professional Mini Wheel Loader for Sale with Low Priceshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePVC 16-32mm Four Pipes Extrusion Linedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,AC Drive Inverter Low Frequency Power.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inBadminton Medal Coin 3D), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromWeifang Cp Cloud Pillar Brand Ce Approved Zl08 Multi-Function Mini Wheel Loader with Cheap Price) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.AC Drive Variable Drive. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.72V20ah Battery 800W Motor 60km Distance Range Electric Motorcycledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,China AC Drive Manufacturers[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.NBR Nitril 80 Duro Rubber X Ring /Quadshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.China AC Drive Frequency Inverter Manufacturer Supplier(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCool Carnival APP Mobile Phone Controlled Luminous Light up LED Message Programmable Face Mask for Halloween Christmas Party.

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Cost model for variable-Good Quality Factory Directly Battery Charger for Electric Bikes CKD Moped Scooters Motorcycle

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].1500W Electric Motorcycle/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Speed Electric Motorcycle Scooter; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Metal Cans 0.925 Liter Tin Barrel for Packaging Container, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Hot Cheap Electric Scooter for Two Seats 60V800W20ah with USB Charger$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Bl-Xgw Electric Motorcycle, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Yineng Yn725 Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Yn725 Mini Small Perkins Engine Wheel Loader. Moreover,21kw Grid- Tied Solar Power System with 25 Years Working Time, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Home Solar System 2kw Panel, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (4 Liter Rectangle Metal Tin Can for Olive Oil Package and Peanut with Flexible Spout), maintenance (18L Square Metal Tin Cans with Handle and Lid for Oil), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Morel Free Shipping 10kw on Grid Tied PV Solar System Home Use for Lighting Heating Air Conditioner), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.5 Liters Empty Round Paint Tin Packaging Containers Tins Cans with Triple Tight Lid, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Factory Supply Customization 10kw Grid Tied Solar System on for Home/Industry/Office Use. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Mars Solar 350W 360W Panel Complete Power System 30kw Grid Tied Inverter with WiFi for Commercial Use-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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