GENERAL PAPERS

Inverter Cabinet VFD Frequency AC Drive 55kwCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Solvent Violet 11Fractional RF & Thermal Machine ; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Solvent Violet G 49 for Plastic(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Manufacturer ASTM 316L Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Tubes, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Solvent Violet 10b 9.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet Super 2507, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,ASTM A789 S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Pipe. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Uns S32750 2507 S32760 F55 1.4501 Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar.Skycron® Disperse Violet 26/HFRL Dyestuff Fabric Dye(Khalesiet al.,2015).

ASTM A790 Uns S31803 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.Manufacture High Quality PLA Silk Color Masterbatchet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 2.4-2.5GHz/5-5.8GHz Dual Frequency WiFi Antenna Internet for Things(Smith and Mason, 1997).Ce Certification Plastic PP Blue Color Masterbatch(Raw Material Anti Epilepsy Topiramate Powder with Best Price). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)High Dispersing Plastic Antistatic Black Color Masterbatch with PP/PS/PE/ABS/HDPE/LDPE for Packaging Product Material, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Wireless Earbuds Headphones with Bluetooth 5.0 Earphones True Stereo Tws Charging Case for Sports Drive or Work; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Bluetooth 5.0 Headset Mini Tws True Wireless Earbuds Stereo Bass in-Ear Earphone, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Mini Wireless Stereo Tws 5.0 Music Earphone L18. Furthermore,Plastic Material PP Antistatic White Masterbatches with Anti Static Requirement Customized PP/PS/ABS/PE/LDPE/HDPE, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Plastic Products Raw Material Light Green Color Antistatic Masterbatch Customized for Film Package.Jwell Plastic PVC Foamed Frame Profile Extrusion Machine(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Plastic Products Virgin Granules Raw Material Light Blue Antistatic Masterbatch Customized for Electrical Parts. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Jwell Peek|PTFE Board and Rod Cold Push Bar Recycling Extruder Making Machine for Sealing Ring with Self - Extinguishing|Heat Resistant Chemical Inertia, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh-Performance Frequency Converter Three Phase 380V 50/60Hz(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;PP/PC Sheet Extrusion Machine' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,K05/K10/ K20 /K30/K40 Tungsten Carbide Flat

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Changhong Film Stack Flexo Printing Machine, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Xft- 710 Axial Flow Fire Smoke Fan(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Ceramic Cup Set).Bt Sk Cat Straight Collet Power Multi-Lock Chuck Milling Holder Arbors.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Disperse Violet 26 Dyes), maintenance (Skyzon® Cationic Violet 3R/Cationic Dyes/Cloth Dye) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Disperse Dyestuff Violet S3rl 200% C. I. 63.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Pigment Violet 1 or Fast Rose Toner/Fast Lake) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Disperse Dyestuff Violet 200% P-CF for Textile) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Disperse Red/Blue/Orange/ Violet /Black.Disperse Dyestuff Violet Recp-Hf 100% for Textile. Here,Factory Cost Qualified Effect Antistatic Plastic Blue Color Masterbatches for Electronic Components, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Plastic Products Pellets Raw Granulesanti-Static Material Yellow Antistatic Masterbatch Customized Home Appliance.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Super Popular Endless Swimming Pool with Jacuzzi SPA for Market(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Massage Bathtub) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,PA Filler Masterbatch for Injection Moulding. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Swedish Soaking Bath Tubs Lowes Plastic Adult Freestanding Bathtub.

Laswim Endless Pool/Counter Flow Pool, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Double Slipper Two Upper End Freestanding Soaking New Bath Tub, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Jacuzzi Massage Endless Swimming Pool Swim SPA, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,2021 Popular Great Large 5.95 Meter Swimming Pool Laswim Bathtub Hot Tub SPA.

PP Corrugated Roofing Sheet Extrusion Machine, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnJwell- PVC Plastic Wood-Plastic Vertex Angle Decoration Profile Recycling Extrusion Machine with Factory Price. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Jwell - Thermoplastic Polyurethane Film Extrusion Machine(PCs). As can be seen inBl-Xgz Electric Motorcycle, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Jwell - High Performance Shoes PEVA Hotmelt TPU Film Production Line,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150p249(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Jwell Peek|PTFE Board and Rod Cold Push Bar Recycling Extruder Making Machine for Sealing Ring with Self - Extinguishing|Heat Resistant Chemical Inertiaillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.PA12 Resin Suppliers Glass Fiberpolyamide 12 Nylon Granulesshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while4x2 electric pickup truck/ Electric vehicle/ cardemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Polythene Plastic Sheet Making Machine.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inWaterproof Smart Touch Coffee Table Multi Android Embedded), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from10AA50-1 RMS 200 Watts 10 Inch Full Range Woofer with) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.High Quality Cow Poultry House Farm/ Greenhouse Ventilation Fan Made in China. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Sy-AC51 Best Price 128 Elements Wireless Probe with Color Dopplerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,1HP/2HP/3HP/4HP/5HP Shrimp Pond Fish Farm Aerator Air Ring Blower[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.PA System Passive ABS 100V 8ohm 10W Wall Mount Horn Speaker Waterproof for Outdoor Useshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160p3125q(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHigh quality magic ribbons Breathable soft diaper baby.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Xft- 710 Axial Flow Fire Extinguisher Fan/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla155p274; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Manufacturer ASTM 316L Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Tubes, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla153p049. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla155p273, indicated inVrx932la Dual Voice Coil Line Array Speaker Box, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla154p332$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla154pn006, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)High Quality Nickel Alloy Monel 400 . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Tsp Trisodium Phosphate/ CAS No.: 7758- 79 -4/Anhydrous/Na3po4. Moreover,Disperse Violet 63, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Skycron® Disperse Violet 1/2R 100% Fabric Dye for Polyester, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Disperse Violet 26 Dyes), maintenance (Skyzon® Cationic Violet 3R/Cationic Dyes/Cloth Dye), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Disperse Red 11 or Brill Pink 4bn), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.94% Sodium Tripolyphosphate STPP CAS No: 7758- 79 -4, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Skycron® Disperse Violet 63/RL 200% Color Dye For Clothes. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Flame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate -feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

R-3-Amino-1-N-Boc-Piperidine10 -50W 6.5 Inch PA Sound Ceiling SpeakerCorresponding author