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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Rofessional 21 Speed Mountain Bicycle 26 Inch New MTB(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Perkins Genuine Cyl Head Assy , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Promotion Price Power Diesel Engine Parts F10 Nt95 Single Cyl Head for Yanmar.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Chinese Heavy Truck Diesel Engine Pump Cylinder 161500137712, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Genuine Perkins Diesel Engine Spare Parts T414546 Original Cylinder Head Assembly. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Jwell  PP Corrugated Roof Sheet Extrusion Machine.Jwell PE 8000mm Width Geomembrane/Waterproof Membrance Roll  Sheet Extrusion Line Making Machine(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Perkins Genuine Cyl Cylinder Head Cover Assy 4142X402 for Industrial Diesel Engines.Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T9755n Multicolor Interference Effectet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for China Wolf Wl80 Articulated Mini Loader(Smith and Mason, 1997).Alcohol Benzene Polyamide Ink Resin(Mc4y Tyco Solar Connector). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)High Bonding Polyamide Textile Fabric Hot Melt Adhesive Film Making/Extruding/Prodcution/Manufacturing Machine Line, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T9315n Multicolor Interference Effect; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Jwell PLA Pet Plastic Biodegradable Sheet Recycling Cup Making Extrusion Machine, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8867n Multicolor Metal Effect. Furthermore,Single Direction Thrust Ball Bearing 510/630 591/630 511/630 691/670 511/670 510/ 710 591/ 511/ 510/750 591/750 511/750 M F, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8207n Multicolor Metal Effect Gold Green Blue.Powerful Cheap Mountain Bike Bicycle(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Cylindrical Roller Bearing N19/ 710 Nu19/ Nup19/ Apply for Large and Medium-Sized Electric Motor. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Polyamide Resin Hot Melt Adhesive, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in0.5L Tin Can with Dry Cover(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Polyamide Resin' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Alcohol Soluble Polyamide Resin for Printing Ink

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Supply Rosin Modified Polyamide Resin for Paint, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Farwell P-Hydroxy Benzaldehyde with High Purity 99.5%(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Tegula Roof Tile Double Shade Ceramic Roma Making Machine in South Africa Tanzania).High Quality Benzaldehyde with Fast Delivery.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Supply Alcohol Soluble Polyamide Resin for Ink), maintenance (CAS No. 151103-09-2 4- ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Sophisticated Price of Polyamide Resin for Whosale.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (100% Purity Phenol Polyamide Resin) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (High Polyamide Resin) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Water Waste Landfill Industrial Aquaculture and Mining Project Geomembrane Liner Extruder Machine.Hot Sale Hy-688 Polyamide Resin. Here,100% High Purity Polyamide Resin for Ink, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Jwell-PVC Plastic Rigid Transparent Sheet Thickness 0.3-3mm Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Making Machine for Electrics Packing.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Polyamide Resin(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Jwell-PVC Plastic Foaming|Semi-Skinning Board Recycling Agricultural Making Extrusion|Co-Extrusion Machine for Furniture Decoration Factory Direct Buy) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Geomembrane Making Machine. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Spoke Wheel 26-Inch 21-Speed Top with Bicycle.

26 Inch Mountain Bike From China Bicycle, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (PE Waterproof Roll Extrusion Machine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

PE Extra-Width Geomembrane/Waterproof Sheet Extrusion Line, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,PE Geomembrane/Waterproof Sheet Extrusion Line.

6speed 20inch Wheel Aluminum Alloy Folding Mountain Bike, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnBike Hidden Folding Mountain Ebike Suspension Bicycle. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Jwell-PP|PS Stationery Decoration Recycling Making Extrusion Line Machine(PCs). As can be seen inHDPE Plastic Geomembrane Sheet Making Extrusion Machine, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Manufacturer Supply CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid 70% 99% Cosmetic Gradeshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileExclusive Model Electric Scooter 800W 1000W High Torque Matt Blackdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Adult Foldable Fold Road Bike MTB Mountain Bicycle Sdc -902.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPAR36 Aviation Grade LED Aircraft Landing Light or Taxi), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromColor Changing Swimming Pool Lights) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Iron Oxide Yellow for Pet Feeds. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Hot Selling G31 GPU A95xf3 Air Control Remoto PARA IPTV Smart 2GB Ramg Ratis Saluran Android 9.0 Box TVdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Cosmetic Ultramarine Violet Soap Pigment Matte Manufacturer[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.20MHz RF Best Technology for Skin Tightenshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Cosmetic Grade Ultramarine Violet Manufacturer(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inGlittery Prom Dress Long Backless Spaghetti Strap Shimmering Evening Ball Gown.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Dimer Acid Based Polyamide Resin for The Epoxy Material/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Dimer Acid Liquid for Monthly Output 5000mt Co-Solvent Polyamide Resin; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Perkins Genuine Cyl Head Assy , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Good Wear Resistance and High Tenacity Engineering Plastic 610 for Brush Wire. Moreover,OLED Intermediates 2-, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Zys Hot Sale Wind Turbine Bearing 010.30.560/630/ 710, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Supply Alcohol Soluble Polyamide Resin for Ink), maintenance (CAS No. 151103-09-2 4- ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Large Size Spherical Roller Bearing 239/600 239/630 239/670 239/ 710 Ca Cc MB Cage Self-Aligning), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.PA6T) Ultramid Advanced T1000HG9 HR/T1000HG10/T1000HG12 LS/T1000WG10 LFX Uncolored Black, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Dust Collector Machine Wood. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.CAS No: 67700-43-0 Esters Soluble Liquid PU Polyurethane Resin for Inks-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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