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vol.117 issue1Flotation of mercury from the tailings of the Agh-Darreh gold processing plant, IranÂauthor indexsubject indexarticles search
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High Precision Special Die

On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.20kVA St Series Single Phase Generator (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,PA Audio Sound System Line Array Speaker 10 Inch Neodymium Woofer with Wooden Box., required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.7.5kVA St Series Single Phase Generator .

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

Wholesale 8inch 10inch 12 Inch 15inch DJ Speakers Professional Stage Audio, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,2 Way Passive 10 " Professional PRO Audio PA Line Array. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Stc Series Three Phase Dynamo Generator .China Factory Price CAS 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin / Retinoic Acid Vitamin a Powder(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Stc Series Three Phase Dynamo Generator .CAS: 74- 79 -3 Amino Acid L-Arginineet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for SKF NSK Timken Koyo NACHI Snr IKO 3811/530 3811/560 3811/600 3811/630 3811/ 710 3811/750 Taper Roller Bearing Branded Bearings(Smith and Mason, 1997).Glycolic Acid Cosmetic Grade CAS 79 -14-1 /a-Hydroxyacetic(Co-Solvent Polyamide Resin for Untreated Film Printing Ink). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)St-10kw/kVA Single Phase Brush Type Electric Generator, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Stc-50kw/62.5kVA Three Phase AC Brush Alternator for Diesel Generator; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Veterinary Use Bulk Pirce of Oxytetracycline CAS: 79 -57-2, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.100% Copper Wire St-7.5kw Single Phase Alternator Factory Price. Furthermore,100% Copper Wire St-5kw Single Phase Brush Generator, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Home Theater Speaker.Dual 6" Coaxial Full Range Speaker for Entertainment Room(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.12inch Stage Monitor Speaker. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (KTV Single 8" Full Range Audio&Sets, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inNew Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;St-2kw 230V/50Hz Single Phase Brush Alternator for Sale' names:

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Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,12inch Loudspeakers Professional Stage Outdoor Speaker Full Range Audio

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Android Digital Signage Intelligent Hand Sanitizer Display, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),55 Inch Outdoor Double-Side LCD Display Self Service Airport Kiosk Touch Screen Multimedia Information(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (High Quality Full Printing Self-Locking Plastic Buckle Hook & Loop Strap for Cell Phone).New Brand Diesel Engine with Four Stroke Multy-Cylinder Used for Generator Set.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (LCD Digital Signage 21.5 Inch Automatic Induction Hand Sanitizer Billboards), maintenance (43" Dual Screen LCD Ad Player Full HD Double Display All in One No Touch Android Advertise System) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Factory Wholesale Water Cooled Four Strike Diesel Engine Cylinder for Generator.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (10 " Woofer Speaker) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (High Brightness Stand Alone Advertising Kiosk for Government) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Factory Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate 20.5%N Steel Grade for Agriculture.High Speed 258kw 6 Cylinder Industrial Diesel Engine for Electric. Here,21% Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam Grade Crystalline, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Super Quality and Best Price Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate N21%.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Water Cooled Diesel Engine Color Custom for Power Generator Set(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Direct Injection Diesel Engine with 6-Cylinder 4-Stroke Used for Electric Generator Sets) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Nitrogen Fertilizers Agriculture N20.5% Granular Ammonium Sulphate. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)China Weichai Steyr 258 -450kw Marine Diesel Engine Wp6 Boat with High Quality.

White Crystalline Ammonium Sulphate for Compound Fertilizer, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Deisel Engine for Silent Power Generator with 6-Cylinder, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

in Line Multy-Cylinder Diesel Engine for Power Generator Set, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,6-Cylinder Diesel Engine Water Coolant for Electric Generator Set.

in Line Direct Injection Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnColor Custom Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke for Gensets. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).6-Cylinder Diesel Engine with Four-Strke for Silent Generator Set(PCs). As can be seen inDeisel Engine for Silent Power Generator with 6-Cylinder, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Direct Injection Water Cooled Diesel Engine for Generator Set,Water Cooled Cylinder Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Gt1541V 704765-0003/708450-0018 Turbine Wheel Shaft for 700960-0011illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.43''46''55''65''75'' Commercial LCD Screen Display Full Color Waterproof Sunglight Readable Android Touch Monitor Kioskshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileProfessional Powered Line Array Selfpowered Speakers Active Systemdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Nitrogen 21% Granular Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inLG-a-1 6916L-1105A LED Strips 7LED 21V), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSquare Tin Paint Packaging Can Lubricant Oil Containers) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Best Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate N21% Min. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.10 Inch Sound System Speaker Box China Line Array Audio Systemsdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Nitrogen Fertilizer N21% Min Ammonium Sulphate White Granular[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Transparent Ceramics Hot Press Sintering Furnaceshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Wholesale Ammonium Sulphate with SGS and Coa Certificate(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inVeneer Lathe Hydraulic.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Color Custom Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set with Four-Stroke/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Ammonium Sulphate N21% Powder+Crystal+Granular Steel+Capro; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,PA Audio Sound System Line Array Speaker 10 Inch Neodymium Woofer with Wooden Box., required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Water Cooling Diesel Engine with 6-Cylinder for Power Generator$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.258kw 6cylinder Wd Series Diesel Engine for Generator Set , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Color Custom in-Line Diesel Engine for Generator Sets. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.in Line Water Cooled Diesel Engine for Generator with Good Quality. Moreover,Direct Injection Water Cooled Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (LCD Digital Signage 21.5 Inch Automatic Induction Hand Sanitizer Billboards), maintenance (43" Dual Screen LCD Ad Player Full HD Double Display All in One No Touch Android Advertise System), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Color Custom Direct Injection Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Water Cooled Diesel Engine Used for Electric Power Generator Set, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,Color Custom Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke for Generator Set. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Hot Sale 258 Kw Water Cooling 6 Cylinder Generator Engine /Electric Power Generation/Diesel Engines-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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