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Electric Food Warming Display Showcase/ High Efficiency Hot Warmer Showcase
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
21kw Grid- Tied Solar Power System with 25 Years Working TimeCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Uns 2205 S32750 Hot/Cold Rolled Bright Polished Corrosion Roofing Constructions Industry Decorate Stock Ba 2b Hl 8K Stainless Steel Ss Sheets/Plates/CoilsAluminium Foil Zip Lock Food Packaging Bag Manufacturer Plastic; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla149sm304(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150s506, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.ASTM A276 Uns N08904 904L Stainless Steel Plate.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Stainless Steel 17-4pH , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Alloy Ldx 2101 Uns S32101 Stainless Steel Plate. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,ASME B36.10m Welded Stainless Steel Tube Nps 1 Sch Xxs ASTM B167 Uns N06690.Cold/Hot Rolled Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet and Plate Price(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Uns N26055 Nickel Alloy Welding Inconel Stainless Steel Wire.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla140s64fet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for High Quality CAS 16595-80-5 Levamisole Hydrochloride/ HCl(Smith and Mason, 1997).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 149s715(Top Quality Cosmetic Raw Material Chlorphenesin CAS 104-29-0 for Antiseptic). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Auto Feeding Inner Mounted Pipe Tube Beveling Engine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Tws True Wireless Headphone Earbud Bluetooth 5.0 New Design; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s355A, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Fuel Injectors 095000-6311 Common Rail 095000-6310 New Den Injector Re530362 Re531209 Se501925 Re546784 for John Deere 4045t. Furthermore,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140sn634, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 147sm327.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s364A(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s424n470. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Wireless Headphone Tws Bluetooth Earphone for Phone, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inDust Collector for Granite Welding(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Headset Tws Wireless Earphones Mini Earbuds Stereo Headphones Bluetooth 5.0' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Double End Single Side Acrylic Freestanding Tub
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Cheap Plastic Raw Material Granules Black Masterbatch, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Portable On-Site Pipe Tube Chamfering Chamfer Machine(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Outdoor Waterproof IP65 Remote Control 16 Waving Patterns Xmas Party Yard Garden Decorations Holiday Christmas Projector Lights).American Standard Oval Freestanding Thick Rim Bath Tub Made in China.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Grey Masterbatch for Plastic Chair), maintenance (Plastic Raw Materials Black Masterbatch for PP PE Plastics) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,LDPE Plastic Pellet 30% Black Pigment Color Masterbatch.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Hot Melt Adhesive Film & TPU Making Machine) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Bathroom Acrylic Alone Common Bathtub with Two Side Apron ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Eco-Friendly Materials Narrow Rim Border New Design Freestanding Bath Tub Popular Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs #S014.Stand Alone Tub Small Oval 55 Inch Free Standing Acrylic Bathtub. Here,Custom Size Round Artificial Stone Stand Alone Soaker Tub Cast Resin Composite Solid Surface Bathtub, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous as Emulsifier in Food Industry.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Air Drive Multiple Capable Loose Tubes Pipes Beveling Machine(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-ISY SDC TCM ID Mounted Pipe Beveling Machine) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 156sm420. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn827.
Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate Food Grade, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 142s1173.
Ammonium Polyphosphate , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnScarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Color Paste. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).High Efficiency Thick Wall Pipe Pipeline Piping System Beveling Machine(PCs). As can be seen in220V 80A 50Hz Portable Lithium Battery Generator Charger with 3.8kwh Charging Appliances Rated Power Under 1500W Outdoor & Indoor Use, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Light Duty Hand Held Boiler Pipe Tube Cutter Beveller,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Heat Seal Candy Snack Food Packaging Ny PE Pet Custom Plastic Stand up Pouch Doypack Free Design Rice Bottle Smell Proof Soft Touch Aluminum Vitamin Cookie Bagillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Auto Engine Diesel Parts Fuel Injector Common Rail Nozzle Dlla153p2189shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileBeverage Water Packing Equipment demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Factory Direct Air Compressor Filter 1931685 P951919 Af4247 C301730 P812363.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inMechanical Scissor Car Jack Lifting with Large Load), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromJwell- PVC|PP|PE|PC|ABS Small Profile Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Machine for Building Industry Home and Office Decoration) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Anti-Scratch PC Polycarbonate Impact Solid Sheet Extrusion Machine. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Good Effect for Treating Infertility in Women Clom CAS: 911-45-5demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Highlighted LED Electric Motorcycle with 60V 800W Power Systemshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 132s1320(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inManufacturer Picnic Lunch Box Bag Outdoor Ice Insulation Cooler.
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Cost model for variable-Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste for Printing and Dyeing
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Electrical Pipe Tube Cold Working Processing Machine/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.T-Type Electric Beveling Machine ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150s506, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
3293 Fast Rose Lake B Pigment . Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.O2 Oxygen Sensor for Honda Accord 2.3L 4 Cyl F23A4 2000-2002 234-9014, indicated inCATV Indoor Amplifier 8200, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
6 Cyl Head and Rotor $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Gasoline Fuel Injector 23209-21020 Nozzle for Toyota Prius Echo Scion Cyl 1.5L 1nz, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Pigment. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Flame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate . Moreover,Plastic Sheet Machine PC Polycarbonate Solid, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (PMMA GPPS Sheet/Board Plastic Extruder Machine/Making Machine, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Grey Masterbatch for Plastic Chair), maintenance (Plastic Raw Materials Black Masterbatch for PP PE Plastics), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,PC/PMMA/GPPS Optical Plate/Board Extrusion Making Machine/Extruder), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Jwell High Quality Pet Sheet Extrusion Machine for Protective Mask, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.PC/Polycarbonate/GPPS/PMMA Sheet Extruder Machine/Plastic-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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