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in Stock China Facemask 3 Ply Earloop Doctor Disposable Medical Face Mask
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
30watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool LightCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 142s1173Factory Wholesale Water Cooled Four Strike Diesel Engine Cylinder for Generator; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Ammonium Polyphosphate (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Color Paste, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Efficiency Thick Wall Pipe Pipeline Piping System Beveling Machine.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Industry Grade Ammonium Polyphosphate, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Light Duty Hand Held Boiler Pipe Tube Cutter Beveller. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste.Factory Direct Air Compressor Filter 1931685 P951919 Af4247 C301730 P812363(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Embossed PC Solid Sheet Extruder Machine Making Extrusion Line.Anti-Scratch PC Polycarbonate Impact Solid Sheet Extrusion Machineet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8867n Multicolor Metal Effect(Smith and Mason, 1997).Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste(18W Recessed IP68 PAR56 LED swimming Pool Underwater Light). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 132s1320, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste for Printing and Dyeing; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Electrical Pipe Tube Cold Working Processing Machine, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.T-Type Electric Beveling Machine . Furthermore,3293 Fast Rose Lake B Pigment , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-O2 Oxygen Sensor for Honda Accord 2.3L 4 Cyl F23A4 2000-2002 234-9014.6 Cyl Head and Rotor (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Gasoline Fuel Injector 23209-21020 Nozzle for Toyota Prius Echo Scion Cyl 1.5L 1nz. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Pigment, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inE3/L3 Pattern Bias Loader Radical Pneumatic Solid Grader OTR Tyre (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Flame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate ' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,PC/Polycarbonate/GPPS/PMMA Sheet Extruder Machine/Plastic, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Uns S31254 En 1.4547 F44 Price Per Kg Super Austenitic Stainless Steel Round Bar Rod(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Stainless Steel Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Sale).Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar by Zeron100 .
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar), maintenance (Against Wall Australian Freestanding Acrylic Bathtubs) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,2507 Uns S32750 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet / Plate.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Endless Pool) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (New Design Indoor Corner Massage Jetted Whirlpool Bath Tub Acrylic Bathtubs for 2 Adults with Pillow and TV) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Outdoor Jet Surf Massage Bubble SPA Swimming Pool Hot Tub Combo.Plastic Products Colorful Pellets Resin Raw Material Light Green Color Antistatic Masterbatch Customized. Here,Endless Swimming Pool, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Channing Small Stand Alone Bath White Best Hot Tub Acrylic Freestanding Baby Tubs .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Whole Sale Home Antique Style Large Acrylic Freestanding Bathtub(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Milling Machine Tool F1 Type Boring Head with Shank Adapter for) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Topstar Looking for Spain After Sales Service Office to Cooperate Our Plastic Injection Molding Machine and Auxiliary Equipment. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Factory Price Fully Automatic Dustbin Injection Molding Machine.
Jwell TPU Matt Cast Film Machine, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (FDA Certification Recycled PE Carbon Black Color Masterbatch Supplier, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Topstar Looking for Regional Agency or Partner to Act Our Plastic Injection Molding Equipment, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Plastic Raw Materials Black Color Masterbatches China Supplier.
35% Blowing Film Grade Carbon Black Masterbatch Manufacture, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnUns S31703/AISI 317L Stainless Steel Sheet/Plate/Coil/Pipe/Flange/Fittings/Bolt & Nuts. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).2021 New Design Plastic Injection Molding Machine Made in China(PCs). As can be seen inJwell-PLA Sheet Recycling Plastic Cup Food Packing Making Extrusion Machine, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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PLA Masterbatch Manufacturers for 3D Printing Filament,PLA Color Masterbatch for 3D Printing(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Hot Sale Birch Wood Veneer Core for Plywoodillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.PRO Audio Double 10 Inch Line Array Speaker Professional Outdoor PA Systemshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileFactory Direct Sale Dimethyl Gonane 702- 79 -4demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,30% to 50% Carbon Content PP Application Making Plastics Product Film.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inLatest Popularl Luxurious Wedding Dress Uw4049), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromL-Arginine Powder Amino Acid Pure Manufacturer) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Portable in-Ear Invisible Headphones with Charging Case. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.25kw High Frequency Induction Heater for Bolts&Rivetdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Jwell Raincoat TPU Film Extrusion Machine[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Single 10'' Two Way Line Array PRO Audioshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Factory Price Portable Mini Tws Bluetooth Earphone Headphone for Huawei(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inBPA Free 304 Stainless Steel Vacuum Leak Proof Thermos Flask with Pressing Lid.
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Cost model for variable-Hot Selling Headset Bluetooth Wireless Headphone with Charger Case
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Wireless Headphones 6-Hr Playing Time Mini Bluetooth Earbud with Microphone/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Super Design Mini Earpieces Headset Wireless Earphones for Huawei; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Color Paste, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
PVC Marble Coated Decorative Sheet Production Line Extruder. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Mini Private Design Tws True Wireless Stereo Headphone for Huawei, indicated inSolis 10kw Grid Tied Inverter Solis-10K-4G-LV Three Phases, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Bluetooth 5.0 Earphones Wireless Headphones Support HiFi 5 Hours Playtime$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Tws 5.0 Wireless Headphone with ND1526p Dual Call 600mAh Charging Box, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Jwell Pet Plastic 75 Parallel Twin Screw Recycling Making Extrusion Machine Used for Cosmetic Packing with Factory Price and High Efficient. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Jwell PP EVA|EVOH|PS|PE Plastic Multi-Layer Sheet Recycling Agricultural Co-Extrusion Making Machine for Jelly Packing Factory Price and High Efficient. Moreover,T-Handle Tap Wrench Handle M5-M12 Adjustable Ratcheting Hand Tool Accessories, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (PVC Plastic Marble Board/Plate/Wall Extruder, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar), maintenance (Against Wall Australian Freestanding Acrylic Bathtubs), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Food Additive Granular Dihydrate Disodium Phosphate), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Factory Supply Disodium Phosphate Food Grade, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,E320L/B/C/D Boom Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Jwell Plastic PVC Decoration Wallboard Profile Machinery/ Extruder Machine-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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