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Mini Nameplate Pneumatic Engraving MachineCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.5GHz Dual Polarization Enclosure WLAN AntennaHigh Precision Milling Bt30 Tool Holder Collet Chuck for Lathe Machine; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.32dBi 5GHz WLAN Antenna(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Brown Black Opaque Chemical Industrial Container 100ml Flip Top Cap Bottle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.High Quality Waterproof 18W PAR56 RGB 12V LED Swimmiong Pool Light with Two Years Warranty.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Nicheless Flat Resin Filled Thin 12W Wall Mounted IP68 RGB Underwater LED Swimming Pool Lights, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,2.5A 0.4kw IP20 Jarol Variable Frequency Drive. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,No Flicker Glare Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip.High Quality Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp(Khalesiet al.,2015).

17 Inch Machined Aftermarket Alloy Wheel .2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warrantyet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Portable On-Site Pipe Tube Chamfering Chamfer Machine(Smith and Mason, 1997).New Electric Beatiful on Road 800W Scooter E-Motorcycle(Zhenhua New T5 300cc Motorcycle Efi). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)5GHz 15dBi Dual Polarization Enclosure WiFi Antenna, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Modern City Leisure Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Lithium Battery ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,White Truck Wheel 17.5X6.00 Steel Rims, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.7.5kw MPPT with High Efficiency Solar Water Pump Controller. Furthermore,Carb P2 AA/Bb Grade Birch/Okoume/Bintangor/Poplar Plywood, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-AC Variable Frequency Drive Single Phase.17.5X6.75 Heavy Duty Truck Trailer Steel Wheel Rim(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Triple Phase Variable Frequency Inverter AC Drive. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (White Steel Wheel for Truck 17.5X6.00, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inWhite Crystalline Powder Painkiller Levobupivacaine Skin Surface Anesthesia CAS: 27262-48-2(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Carb Grade 18mm Commercial Plywood' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,1220*2440*18mm Birch Plywood with Carb P2 Standard Quality

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Solar Pump Frequency Inverter MPPT Fuction 15kw Made in China, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),China Wholesales Wheel Loader HR912 with Pallet Forks(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Professional High-End Synthetic Hair Water Silver 7PCS Makeup Brush Set).AC Frequency Speed Controller 7.5kw VFD Drives.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Carb P2 Bleached White Poplar Plywood for Furniture), maintenance (Professional Mini Wheel Loader for Sale with Low Price) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,New Model Chinese Small Loader Front End Wheel for Sale.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Mimo Antenna 13dBi CPE) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (1220X2440X9mm Carb P2 Glue Bleached Poplar Plywood for Furniture) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.5GHz 25dBi Dual Pol Enclosure Antenna.Bleached Poplar/Birch Carb Plywood. Here,Weifang Cp Cloud Pillar Brand Ce Approved Zl08 Multi-Function Mini Wheel Loader with Cheap Price, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Newest Kids Pedal Electric Drift Crazy Kart Go.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Zl08 Mini Small Garden Farm Tractors Compact Front End Wheel Loader(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-IN-A7 handheld color doppler linear probe hip bone ultrasound scanner) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,New Generation Engine Er08 Wheel Loader with CE/Bucket for Sale. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)7.5MHz/10.0MHz Msk/Vascular Use Wireless Ultrasound Equipment.

Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Whole Sale Hammerhead 150cc Go Kart with Parts, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Earthmoving Equipments Mini Wheelloader Wl80 Loader Radlader, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,10MHz Linear Vascular/Anesthesia Portable Wireless Ultrasound Scanner.

Advanced 7.5MHz/10MHz Superficial Organ Use Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnWiFi Probe Type 2 in 1 Double Head Wireless Mini Color Doppler Ultrasound. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Weifang Cp Cloud Pillar Ce Approved 800kg Multi-Function Mini Loader with Quick Hitch/Electric Joystick/Floating Function for Germany/Norway/Finland(PCs). As can be seen inCustom Liquid Stand up Pouch Spout for Food Packaging, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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18watt Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lamp with Two Years Warranty,5kw Philippines Photovoltaic Offgrid Grid Tied Inverter Solar Power System Home(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Solar Pump Inverter Price Quality AC Drive Frequency Converterillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.DOT Peen Marking Machine Vin Touch Screen for Saleshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileTws Sport Headset Stereo Headphone Earphone with Charging Box Blackdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Solar Power System 8kw Grid Tied Solution.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in3.5 mm/4.0 mm/5 mm wood grain PVC flooring), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromEffects Night Club Bluetooth Powered Speaker Pofessional PA Line Array) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Wolf Agricultural Machinery Construction Small Front End Wheel Loader with Euro5 and Tier4 Engine. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.1389 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power Systemdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,China Portable Medical Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner Pachymeter with B Probe for Eyes[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.8-30inches Malaysian Straight Hair Bundles 100% Human Weavesshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.6000W 200V-240V AC Single Phase on Gird/ Grid- Tied Solar Power Energy System(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in1L Factory Price Hand Sanitizer.

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Cost model for variable-Ce Approved 10 Inch Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].5GHz 10dBi Wideband Omni WLAN Antenna/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Jy125t-36c 125cc Scooter with Cdi and Efi; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Brown Black Opaque Chemical Industrial Container 100ml Flip Top Cap Bottle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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5GHz 23dBi Enclosure WLAN Antenna$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.16" Inch Steel Wheel for Toyota Prado Land Cruiser, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)off Road 200cc Motorcycle for Hot Sale. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.off Load 150cc Motorcycle with High Speed. Moreover,China 125cc Moto Efi Euro 4 2t 4t Stroke Motorcycle Motor 49cc 50cc 150cc Moped EPA EEC Gas Scooter, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (China Al-Gw6 800W Electric Motorbike with 60V/20ah Battery, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Carb P2 Bleached White Poplar Plywood for Furniture), maintenance (Professional Mini Wheel Loader for Sale with Low Price), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Linux TV Box International Internet Smart IPTV Zgemma I55), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,20" Inch Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Astonmartin. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.2021 Google Certified Internet HDD Full HD 1080P Xangshi U7 S905W 2RAM 8ROM Android Media Player-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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