GENERAL PAPERS

Endless PoolCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Wholesales Plastic Food Packaging Weed Mylar Bag Aluminum Foil Resemble Ziplock Pouch RiceProfessional Line Array System Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Passive; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Mylar Custom Printing Barrier Exit Bag(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Professional Driver 250wrms " Line Array Church Sound Equipment, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Professional Driver 250wrms Line Array.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Professional Dual 10 " 3-Way Tri-AMP Line Array Speaker, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Manufacturer Supply 1. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Dual 10inch Powerful Line Array Speaker Ds210 Professional.Feiyang/Temeisheng 10 Inch Professional DJ Wooden Speaker Audio Gd10-02(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Neodymium Double 10 Inch DSP Active Professional Powered Line Array Speaker.Fast Delivery 1-Bromo-3 5-Dimethyladamantane CAS 941-37-7/941 37 7/941377/702- 79 -4/702 4/702794et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Waterproof Loudspeaker Wall Mounter 15inch Mq-15cp(Smith and Mason, 1997).Supply Rubber Accelerator Mbt 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole CAS No.: 149-30-4(Powder Compound Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate with Nitrogen 21%). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)High Quality Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Acid Powder Manufacturer with Bulk Shipment, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).10xt High-End PRO Audio Stage Monitor 10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Box; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Pharmaceutical Intermediate 1, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.2-Phenylbenzimidazole|716- 79 -0 99% High Purity. Furthermore,Pharmaceutical Intermediates 2-Aminoanthraquinone/C14h9no2 CAS 117- 79 -3, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-High Quality 1.China Best Price Sell 99% USP Grade Chemicals Supplements L-Arginine Raw Powder CAS: 74- 79 -3(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.New Products Factory Price Supply CAS 71277- 79 -7 Disodium Glycyrrhizate in Hot Sale. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Pharmavceutical Grade 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 with Good Price, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inClosed Motorized China Cargo Tricycle with Box (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Quality Custom Stand up Pouch/Plastic Food Packaging Bag with Zipper' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Qsn Professional Audio Dual 10 "Power Speaker Xt10

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hot Selling Powder Thiabendazole CAS 148- 79 -8, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),High Quality Coffee /Candy/Weed Plastic Container(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Christmas Metal Iron Gold Color Wreath Wedding Decor Floral Hoop for Home Garland Artificial Flowers).Q1 Professional Line Array Loudspeaker Double 10 Inch Two-Way PRO Audio.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Food Grade Plastic Mylar Bag Stand up Pouch with Zipper Cr Water-Proof / Smell Proof for Fruit), maintenance (Lmhf Audio Dual 10 Inch Passive Speaker Professional Line Array System Q210) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,10 Inch 2 Ways Self-Powered Active Column Speaker Box Line Array System.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Two-Way Passive Line Array ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (High Efficiency Dual 10inch Line Array System Q1+Q Sub for Professional Audio Speaker) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Custom Printed Food Grade Aluminum Foil Plastic Packaging Weed Mylar Bag for Fine Powder Snacks.Foil Liquid Packaging Stand up Spout Pouch Food Bag. Here,Smell Proof Waterproof Weed Bag Plastic Food Packaging Child Resistant, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Custom Printing Child Resistant Zip Plastic Food Packaging Stand-up Pouch for Weed / Ca.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Mylar Child Resistant Waterproof Plastic Bag with Zipper(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Plastic Pouch Custom Water Proof Weed Packaging Food Pack Stand up Bag) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Mylar Custom Printed Plastic Weed Bag Stand up Pouch with Zipper. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Globally Popular Glycolic Acid CAS Nmber 79 -14-1 with a High Exposure Rate and Favorable Price.

Mylar Composite Aluminum Foil Laminated Custom Logo Bag with Ziplock, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Custom Aluminum Foil Laminated Bag with Zipper, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

High Purity O-Phthalaldehyde, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,PRO Audio Dual 10 " 900W Sound System Perfect Line Array Active Speaker.

Quality Assurance O-Phthalaldehyde, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnHigh Power Speaker Dual 10 " PRO/Professional Audio Line Array . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Professional Driver 250wrms " Line Array(PCs). As can be seen inHigh Quality 1.2ton Loading Compact Loader Hr912 with Snow Bucket, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Vitamin a Acid/ Tretinoin CAS: 302- 79 -4 for Skin Disease,Hrk Provide Topiramate Powder Price CAS 97240- 79 -4(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Df B&C Trees Speaker Subwoofer Audio Professionalillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Professional All Weather Water-Proof Outdoor Speaker Humidity Proof Two Ways Mq6tp190801shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSmall Cheap Quadrant Simple Fiberglass Hinge Shower Enclosure demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Speaker 2way Double 10inch Full Range High Power Neodymium Speakers Line Array .

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCompetitive Price Concrete Brick Machinery), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSingle 5inch Coaxial Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Inside Have Two-Way Home Cinema 60W with CF5190806) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Dual 10 " Professional Home Sound Mini Concert Karaoke Party System Mobile Trolley Battery Active Stereo Audio Speaker with DJ Light+Remote Control+Bt. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Rosen 9kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Marketdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,China Hot Sale Professional Speaker Dual 10 Inch Line Array[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Levamisole Hydrochloride CAS 16595-80-5 in Stockshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.10 " Plywood Professional DSP Active Speaker (a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in0.01m3- 1.4m3 Skeleton Digging Bucket Suit 3t-7t Excavator.

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Cost model for variable-Top Quality CAS 643- 79 -8 O-Phthalaldehyde

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].High Quality Chemical Product 4- /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Bluetooth Speaker Indoor Outdoor Party Sound 10 Inch Active Arrray System; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Professional Driver 250wrms " Line Array Church Sound Equipment, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Dual 10inch Powerful Line Array Speaker Ds210$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Hot Sale Free Sample CAS 302- 79 -4 Retinoic Acid with Best Quality, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Dual 10 Inch Top and Double 15 Bass Portable Multi-Functional Line Array Speaker System. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Cheap Price PRO Sound Professional Audio 10 Inch Speakers 200W. Moreover,Vitamin a Acid/ Tretinoin CAS: 302- 79 -4 for Skin Disease with Fast Delivery, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Cold&Heat Seal Plastic Film Roll Chocolate Bar Food Cookies Packaging Bag Frosted Zipper Container Made Craft Drawstring Low MOQ Printing, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Food Grade Plastic Mylar Bag Stand up Pouch with Zipper Cr Water-Proof / Smell Proof for Fruit), maintenance (Lmhf Audio Dual 10 Inch Passive Speaker Professional Line Array System Q210), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,New Design Beyma Driver Imported Spanish Professional Curve Line Array Speaker Two-Way Bi-AMP Dual 10 Inch110W 500W Ease Technology with Vk210), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Professional Driver 250wrms " Subwoofer, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Aicrowe L- . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Diase PRO Audio Dual 10inch Professional Line Array 700W-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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