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OEM wholesale disposable baby diapers to Africa market
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Genuine ATSC DVB-S2 Internet TV Receiver Zgemma H3. AC for Mexico USA Canada MarketCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn827Manufacturer Supply Poly L-Lactic Acid with Lowest Price Raw Material Bulk 79 -33-4 for Food Additives; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate Food Grade(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 142s1173, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Ammonium Polyphosphate . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Color Paste.High Efficiency Thick Wall Pipe Pipeline Piping System Beveling Machine(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Industry Grade Ammonium Polyphosphate.Light Duty Hand Held Boiler Pipe Tube Cutter Bevelleret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Wholesale Matelized Bottom Gusset Stand up Barrier Exit Zipper Food Packaging Mylar Bag Custom Printing Colorful Aluminum Foil Laminated Plastic Container(Smith and Mason, 1997).Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste(30watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Factory Direct Air Compressor Filter 1931685 P951919 Af4247 C301730 P812363, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Embossed PC Solid Sheet Extruder Machine Making Extrusion Line; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Anti-Scratch PC Polycarbonate Impact Solid Sheet Extrusion Machine, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste. Furthermore,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 132s1320, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste for Printing and Dyeing.Electrical Pipe Tube Cold Working Processing Machine(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.T-Type Electric Beveling Machine . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (3293 Fast Rose Lake B Pigment , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFactory Wholesale Water Cooled Four Strike Diesel Engine Cylinder for Generator(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;O2 Oxygen Sensor for Honda Accord 2.3L 4 Cyl F23A4 2000-2002 234-9014' names:
►6 Cyl Head and Rotor : based on 36-foot,Gasoline Fuel Injector 23209-21020 Nozzle for Toyota Prius Echo Scion Cyl 1.5L 1nz,Pigment,Flame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate , and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Plastic Sheet Machine PC Polycarbonate Solid
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,PMMA GPPS Sheet/Board Plastic Extruder Machine/Making Machine, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),PC/PMMA/GPPS Optical Plate/Board Extrusion Making Machine/Extruder(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (8FT Spindle CNC Log Sliced Machine for Hot Sale).Jwell High Quality Pet Sheet Extrusion Machine for Protective Mask.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous), maintenance (PC/Polycarbonate/GPPS/PMMA Sheet Extruder Machine/Plastic) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Uns S31254 En 1.4547 F44 Price Per Kg Super Austenitic Stainless Steel Round Bar Rod.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar by Zeron100 ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Against Wall Australian Freestanding Acrylic Bathtubs.2507 Uns S32750 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet / Plate. Here,Endless Pool, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-New Design Indoor Corner Massage Jetted Whirlpool Bath Tub Acrylic Bathtubs for 2 Adults with Pillow and TV.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Outdoor Jet Surf Massage Bubble SPA Swimming Pool Hot Tub Combo(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Plastic Products Colorful Pellets Resin Raw Material Light Green Color Antistatic Masterbatch Customized) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Endless Swimming Pool. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Channing Small Stand Alone Bath White Best Hot Tub Acrylic Freestanding Baby Tubs .
Whole Sale Home Antique Style Large Acrylic Freestanding Bathtub, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Milling Machine Tool F1 Type Boring Head with Shank Adapter for, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Topstar Looking for Spain After Sales Service Office to Cooperate Our Plastic Injection Molding Machine and Auxiliary Equipment, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Factory Price Fully Automatic Dustbin Injection Molding Machine.
Jwell TPU Matt Cast Film Machine, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnFDA Certification Recycled PE Carbon Black Color Masterbatch Supplier. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Topstar Looking for Regional Agency or Partner to Act Our Plastic Injection Molding Equipment(PCs). As can be seen inE3/L3 Pattern Bias Loader Radical Pneumatic Solid Grader OTR Tyre , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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35% Blowing Film Grade Carbon Black Masterbatch Manufacture,Uns S31703/AISI 317L Stainless Steel Sheet/Plate/Coil/Pipe/Flange/Fittings/Bolt & Nuts(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Jwell-PLA Sheet Recycling Plastic Cup Food Packing Making Extrusion Machineillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Dsola Factory Customized High Efficient Solar Cable Connector Mc4shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHot Sale Birch Wood Veneer Core for Plywooddemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,2021 New Design Plastic Injection Molding Machine Made in China.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHot Sell Cheap Price High Absorption Breathable Baby Diaper Film), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from1gallon Round Metallic Tin Can with Metal Handle for Paint) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.PLA Masterbatch Manufacturers for 3D Printing Filament. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.L-Arginine Powder Amino Acid Pure Manufacturerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,PLA Color Masterbatch for 3D Printing[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.10 Inch Powered PA Speaker Full Range Stereo Systemshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.30% to 50% Carbon Content PP Application Making Plastics Product Film(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCustom Fashion Print Short-Sleeved Ladies T-Shirt.
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Cost model for variable-V5.0 Fashion Mini Twins Wireless Bluetooth Earphone with Microphone
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Portable in-Ear Invisible Headphones with Charging Case/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Jwell Raincoat TPU Film Extrusion Machine; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Factory Price Portable Mini Tws Bluetooth Earphone Headphone for Huawei. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Hot Selling Headset Bluetooth Wireless Headphone with Charger Case, indicated inNew Electric Beatiful on Road 800W Scooter E-Motorcycle, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Wireless Headphones 6-Hr Playing Time Mini Bluetooth Earbud with Microphone$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Super Design Mini Earpieces Headset Wireless Earphones for Huawei, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)PVC Marble Coated Decorative Sheet Production Line Extruder. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Mini Private Design Tws True Wireless Stereo Headphone for Huawei. Moreover,Bluetooth 5.0 Earphones Wireless Headphones Support HiFi 5 Hours Playtime, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Tws 5.0 Wireless Headphone with ND1526p Dual Call 600mAh Charging Box, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous), maintenance (PC/Polycarbonate/GPPS/PMMA Sheet Extruder Machine/Plastic), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Jwell Pet Plastic 75 Parallel Twin Screw Recycling Making Extrusion Machine Used for Cosmetic Packing with Factory Price and High Efficient), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Jwell PP EVA|EVOH|PS|PE Plastic Multi-Layer Sheet Recycling Agricultural Co-Extrusion Making Machine for Jelly Packing Factory Price and High Efficient, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,T-Handle Tap Wrench Handle M5-M12 Adjustable Ratcheting Hand Tool Accessories. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.PVC Plastic Marble Board/Plate/Wall Extruder-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Milling Machine Tool F1 Type Boring Head with Shank Adapter for, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-K10 K20 P30 Tungsten Carbide Plate Strips for Cutting.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Digital ATSC Receiver Internet TV Set Top Box]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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