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S. Arfania; A.R.Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PA SpeakerFrequency China Vector Control AC Drive Power Supply Inverter Solar Converter; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Bupivacaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 14252-80-3(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Professional Audio Signal 8" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq8, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Fdb Audio Double 6 Inch Line Array Speaker Professional Outdoor PA System.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Best Quality Safe Delivery 1, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Cheap Price Speaker Wall Mount Bracket . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Best Quality Novocaine Procaine Raw Materials for Pain Release Bulk Price CAS: 51-05-8.Buy Prilocaine Hydrochloride Local Anesthetic Powder Factory Wholesales Price CAS: 1786-81-8(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Manufacturers Supply .High Quality Veterinary Grade USP Furaltadone HCl/ Hydrochlorideet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for N21% Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Factory Price(Smith and Mason, 1997).High Quality Lidocaine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 73-78-9(High Quality Aod-9604 CAS 221231-10-3 Aod 9604 Peptides 2mg for Loss Weight). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Steel Wall Bracket for Speaker with Quick Release Pin , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Procaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 51-05-8; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,CAS No.: 67-63-0 Senior Quality Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.99% Pure Powder Novocaine Procaine Factory Bulk Stock CAS: 51-05-8 Europe Free Sample. Furthermore,Free Sample Local Anesthetic Novocaine Painkiller Cream Solution Procaine CAS: 51-05-8, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Pain Release Best Oral Capsules Procaine Pure Raw Materials Novocaine CAS: 51-05-8.Tetracaine HCl CAS136-47-0(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Factory Wholesales Painkiller Solutions Free Sample Novocaine CAS: 51-05-8 Canada Procaine Promotion. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inInverter(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Benzocaine CAS 94-09-7 Tetracaine HCl Lidocaine Sell 136-47-0' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Professional Speaker with Hanging Hardware Parts Horizontal

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,PA Power DJ Audio Speaker, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),PA PRO Audio Stage 8 Ohm Speaker 12 Inch Neodymium Woofer 500W 2622HPL Loudspeaker(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Beautiful Hand Made Garment Factory Hot Sale with High Quality Ly-G01).Professional Two-Way Speaker 4X6.5inch 100dB 600W Line Array PA Audio System with L7.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (12nw76D- PA PRO Audio Stage 8 Ohm Speaker 12 Inch Neodymium Woofer 500W 2622HPL Loudspeaker), maintenance (Double 12" 3-Way Line Array PA Speaker) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Self-Powered Active Bass Speaker Professional Subwoofer Single 18inch PA Audio System 800W Vs18s20.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (PA Speaker Parts&Accessories Back Plate Speakon Nl4 ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Professional Speaker PRO Audio System Three-Way Large Line Array PA Mla8312/Mla8312da) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.15 Inch PRO Audio Speaker Woofer with Dual Voice Coil Design Loudspeaker.Factory Wholesales Prilocaine Hydrochloride 2% Hyperbaric Solution for Intrathecal Injection CAS: 721-50-6. Here,New Design Active Monitor Speaker Professional PA System Apt Audio Compression Technology Home Style with Mq260, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol .

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.PA Speaker Parts of T24 12 Inch (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-PA Speaker with Horn Parts 210L*62W*105h 1"X2 ) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,PA Speaker Dual 12 Inch 3-Way PRO Audio Professional Line Array. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)CAS No.: 67-63-0 Colorless Transparent Liquid Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol.

Food Grade L Selenomethionine Powder/L-Selenomethionine, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (120W 12" Portable Polywood Cabinet Trolley Speaker with 2 UHF Mics, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Powersoft Professional Line Array Active Subwoofer Column System DSP PRO Audio Speaker PA Ml15SA, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Single 15 Inch PA Full Sound Systems Professional PRO Speaker.

Cheap Price PA Speaker of Line Array Rigging 8 Inch , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnProfessional Self-Powered Subwoofer DSP Function Indoor Outdoor PA System Bass Speaker with Vk10SA19729. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).PA Speaker Horn for Stage 180L*180W*106h 1" (PCs). As can be seen inZhejiang Province Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.High Quality 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywoodshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSupply High Purity Oxalyl Chloride CAS: 79 -37-8demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Aluminium Back Plate for PA Speaker .

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inJoyee 5 People Acrylic Air Jet Luxury Huge Bathtub Outdoor SPA Massage Whirlpool Hot Tub with Cheap Price Jacuzzi Function), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSuper Power LED Lighting 100W Flicker Free Ceiling Lamp) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Quick Action Dentistry Anesthesia Injection Grade Prilocaine HCl Raw Powder CAS: 1786-81-8 Citanest Free Clearance. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.150cc/200cc/250cc / 300cc Three Wheel Cargo Motorcycle /Tricycledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Lidocaine Hydrochloride CAS 73-78-9 HCl[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Professional Digital Audio Line Array System Dual 10 Inch Activeshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.PA Speaker Parts (a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inUniversity High School Classroom Conference Meeting Folding Training Table.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Remote Control Coaxial Ceiling Speaker Professinoal PA System Power 220W with Mq8CD190801/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Line Array PA Speaker System Stage 12inch Monitor PRO Audio; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Professional Audio Signal 8" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq8, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Wholesale Price Professional PA PRO Audio Sound System Loudspeaker. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Full Range Speaker 4X4inch Professional PA Sound System Foh for Medium with Ml419731, indicated inNew Design Source Column Speaker 6X6.5inch B&C Imported Driver Unit PA Line Array Subwoofer with Novi, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Music PA Speaker Double 12 Inch Full Range$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.PA Column Speaker Empty Alu. Cabinet 4.5" , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)PRO Audio Speaker 12 Inch Sub PA Passive Speakers. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.PA Speaker Steel Back Plate . Moreover,Professional Speaker Power Line-Array Actives Stage Loudspeaker PA System with Vs12, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Line Array with Aluminum Rigging Parts for PA Speaker , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (12nw76D- PA PRO Audio Stage 8 Ohm Speaker 12 Inch Neodymium Woofer 500W 2622HPL Loudspeaker), maintenance (Double 12" 3-Way Line Array PA Speaker), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Outdoor Big Power Karaoke Trolley Loud PA Speaker), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.20dB Gain DJ Mixing Console with MP3 Input , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,PA System LED Light Trolley Tws Woofer Speaker Party Audio. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Dual 12 Inch Fiver Drivers Passive/Active Line Array PRO Audio System-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Mular, A.L. 1982.Best Sale Bulk Price1.Passive Full Range 2-Way Speaker Line Array for Outdoor.Free Sample Veterinary Drugs Xylazine Hydrochloride Powder CAS: 23076-35-9 USA Warehouse, Montreal. 265 pp.         [Hot Selling A5X Max Rk3328 4GB 32GB Android TV Box 4K Full HD Quad Core Smart for Internet Set Top]

Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.High Power Horn Speaker H3.Horn Speaker L-Acoustics Kudo Line Array+ PA System Array Box.Free Sample Veterinary Drugs Xylazine Hydrochloride Powder CAS: 23076-35-9 USA Warehouse, Montreal. 319 pp.         [2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer]

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120W 12" Portable Polywood Cabinet Trolley Speaker with 2 UHF Mics, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385.         [30oz 20oz 14oz Double Wall Coffee Mug Wholesale Stainless Steel Yetis Tumbler Chinayetiprice]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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