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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

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Bt 4.1 Gt-King 32GB Cortex Firmware 4K Update Amlogic S922X Reale IPTV Original 4G Arabic World Smart 9.0 Android TV BoxCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Water Cooled Diesel Engine Color Custom for Power Generator SetAlone Stand Kiosk LCD Digital Signage 32'' Elevator Device Advertising Display; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Direct Injection Diesel Engine with 6-Cylinder 4-Stroke Used for Electric Generator Sets(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Nitrogen Fertilizers Agriculture N20.5% Granular Ammonium Sulphate, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.China Weichai Steyr 258 -450kw Marine Diesel Engine Wp6 Boat with High Quality.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

White Crystalline Ammonium Sulphate for Compound Fertilizer, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Deisel Engine for Silent Power Generator with 6-Cylinder. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,in Line Multy-Cylinder Diesel Engine for Power Generator Set.6-Cylinder Diesel Engine Water Coolant for Electric Generator Set(Khalesiet al.,2015).

in Line Direct Injection Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set.Color Custom Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke for Gensetset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Metal Tin with Steel Handle for Paint(Smith and Mason, 1997).6-Cylinder Diesel Engine with Four-Strke for Silent Generator Set(Chinese Supplier of Variable Frequency Drive/AC/DC Motor Speed Controller). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke Used for Cylinder Generator Set, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Direct Injection Water Cooled Diesel Engine for Generator Set; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Water Cooled Cylinder Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Nitrogen 21% Granular Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate. Furthermore,China Professional Manufacturer Ammonium Sulphate Crystal Fertilizer, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Best Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate N21% Min.Nitrogen Fertilizer N21% Min Ammonium Sulphate White Granular(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Wholesale Ammonium Sulphate with SGS and Coa Certificate. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Agriculture Fertilizer Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inDexketoprofen Trometamol Manufacturer CAS 156604- 79 -4 with Purity 99%(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Color Custom Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set with Four-Stroke' names:

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Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,258kw 6cylinder Wd Series Diesel Engine for Generator Set

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Color Custom in-Line Diesel Engine for Generator Sets, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),in Line Water Cooled Diesel Engine for Generator with Good Quality(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (LED Light Recessed Installation Glass Display Case with T8 Tube).Direct Injection Water Cooled Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage), maintenance (Color Custom Direct Injection Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Water Cooled Diesel Engine Used for Electric Power Generator Set.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Color Custom Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke for Generator Set) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Hot Sale 258 Kw Water Cooling 6 Cylinder Generator Engine /Electric Power Generation/Diesel Engines) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Diesel Engine Used for Silent Generator Set with Multy-Cylinder.Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage Display. Here,Chinese Brand New 258kw/1500rpm 12 Cylinder 4 Stroke Marine Diesel Engine , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Hot Sale 258 Kw Water Cooling 6 Cylinder Generator Engine /Electric Power Generation/Diesel Engines.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.43" Indoor Narrow Bezel Floor Standstand Alone and Networked LCD Advertising Display Digital Signage(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-49 Inch Portable Alone Standing LED LCD Poster Digital Menu Board) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Alone Stand Kiosk LCD Digital Signage 32'' Elevator Device Advertising Display. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage.

Mineral Reagents Coal Dressing Collector Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (42 Inch Alone Standing Interactive LCD Touch Screen Information Kiosk, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

55 Optional Inch Outdoor Stand Double-Side Alone Digital Signage LCD Advertising Display, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,60 Inch Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage and Display.

2021 Popular Outdoor LCD display Alone Instagram Photo Booth, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnSinopec Brand Chemical Fertilizer N21% with White Color. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).White Ammonium Sulphate NPK Fertilizer(PCs). As can be seen inChanning Small Stand Alone Bath White Best Hot Tub Acrylic Freestanding Baby Tubs , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Capro Grade Crystal ,Powder Compound Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate with Nitrogen 21%(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Plastic Pouchillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Everun CE Approved Articulated Er08 0.8 Ton Multifunction Front End Loader with Standard Bucketshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileFood Additive Granular Dihydrate Disodium Phosphatedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Powder Caprolactam Grade Chemical Fertilizer with Nitrogen 21%.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inMelamine Round Meeting Table Modern Office Furniture), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromJarol Strong Overload Capacity AC Drive Frequency Inverter ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.White Color Crystal Nitrogen N21% Ammonium Sulfate. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Duty Chinese mini loaderdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,China Best Price Agriculture Fertilizer with Nitrogen 21%[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Chinese Cheap 800kg Zl08f Garden Mini Small Compact Avant Wheel Front End Loader with Ceshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Factory Price Agricultrue Fertilizer with Caprolactam Grade(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inAutomatic Mooncake Production Line for Sale.

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Cost model for variable-White Powder

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Crystal Nitrogen 21% Agricultural Fertilizer/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Steel Grade Nitrogen 20.5% Ammonium Sulphate; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Nitrogen Fertilizers Agriculture N20.5% Granular Ammonium Sulphate, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Nitrogen Fertilizer. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Cheap Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Steel Grade, indicated inYn725 Gyineng Mini Wheel Loader, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Nitrogen Fertilizer Caprolactam Grade Granular CAS No. 7783-20-2 N21% Ammonium Sulphate$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Cheap Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Blue Star 21%, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Urea Fertilizer/ Ammonium Sulfate with Steel Grade. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Agriculture Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam 25kg Package. Moreover,High Quality Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate 95%, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (L18 /8693 Falante Professional 18inch Subwoofer 1200W New Product China Supplier, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage), maintenance (Color Custom Direct Injection Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,N21% Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Factory Price), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Plants Ammonium Sulphate Granular 20.5%Min, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,Chemical Factory Sale Ammonium Sulphate Fertilizer Granular. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulfate Soa Fertilizer Sulphate-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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USBM. 1987.L18 /86130 100%Good Feedback! Professional 18 Inch PA Speaker 1000W RMS Subwoofer,Additive PE Green Color Masterbatches Manufacturer-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp.         [CE&ISO Approved PE Jaw Crusher]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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