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Outdoor Tactical Waist Leg Bags
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Sofar Grid Tied 100kw Inverter 3 Phase 380V 400V 80kw 125kw 136kw onCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Cold/Hot Rolled Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet and Plate PriceAlcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesale; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Uns N26055 Nickel Alloy Welding Inconel Stainless Steel Wire(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla140s64f, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 149s715.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Auto Feeding Inner Mounted Pipe Tube Beveling Engine, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Tws True Wireless Headphone Earbud Bluetooth 5.0 New Design. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s355A.Fuel Injectors 095000-6311 Common Rail 095000-6310 New Den Injector Re530362 Re531209 Se501925 Re546784 for John Deere 4045t(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140sn634.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 147sm327et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 15 Inch/12 Inch/ 10 Inch/8 Inch Full Range Speaker Box (Smith and Mason, 1997).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s364A(Chinese Everun Zl08 800kg 0.8 Ton Compact Small Mini Wheel Loader with Snow Bucket). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s424n470, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Wireless Headphone Tws Bluetooth Earphone for Phone; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Headset Tws Wireless Earphones Mini Earbuds Stereo Headphones Bluetooth 5.0, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Bluetooth V5.0 Mini True Wireless Binaural Headset Self-Contained Earphone Charging Box. Furthermore,L18 Tws Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Music Earbuds Headset, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Mini L18 Tws V5.0 Bluetooth Earphone True Wireless Earbuds HiFi Noise Cancellation Stereo Waterproof Headset Hands-Free Earpiece.L18 Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Tws Stereo Earphone with Charging Box(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Double End Single Side Acrylic Freestanding Tub. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Cheap Plastic Raw Material Granules Black Masterbatch, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in2.4- 5GHz MIMO Omni Antenna(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Portable On-Site Pipe Tube Chamfering Chamfer Machine' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hot Melt Adhesive Film & TPU Making Machine
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Bathroom Acrylic Alone Common Bathtub with Two Side Apron , blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Eco-Friendly Materials Narrow Rim Border New Design Freestanding Bath Tub Popular Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs #S014(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (10ml 15ml 20ml 30ml 50ml 100ml Essential Oil Bottles Cosmetic Glass for).Stand Alone Tub Small Oval 55 Inch Free Standing Acrylic Bathtub.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Custom Size Round Artificial Stone Stand Alone Soaker Tub Cast Resin Composite Solid Surface Bathtub), maintenance (Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous as Emulsifier in Food Industry) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Air Drive Multiple Capable Loose Tubes Pipes Beveling Machine.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (ISY SDC TCM ID Mounted Pipe Beveling Machine) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 156sm420) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn827.Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate Food Grade. Here,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 142s1173(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Ammonium Polyphosphate ) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Color Paste. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)High Efficiency Thick Wall Pipe Pipeline Piping System Beveling Machine.
Industry Grade Ammonium Polyphosphate, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Light Duty Hand Held Boiler Pipe Tube Cutter Beveller, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Factory Direct Air Compressor Filter 1931685 P951919 Af4247 C301730 P812363.
Embossed PC Solid Sheet Extruder Machine Making Extrusion Line, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnAnti-Scratch PC Polycarbonate Impact Solid Sheet Extrusion Machine. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste(PCs). As can be seen inUns S31254 En 1.4547 F44 Price Per Kg Super Austenitic Stainless Steel Round Bar Rod, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous CAS No 7558- 79 -4
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste for Printing and Dyeing,Electrical Pipe Tube Cold Working Processing Machine(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Jfy Solar Pump Inverter for Pumping System Use Single Phase Water to Irrigation and Agricultureillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Wholesale 1L Round Empty Fully Synthetic Brake Oil Tin Can with Metal or Aluminum Capsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileFactory Outlet Dog Tag Laser Marking Machine for Metal 50Wdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,T-Type Electric Beveling Machine .
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inMore Pratical Cememt Concrete Hollow Paving Brick Machine with Hydrauklic System), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromYn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.O2 Oxygen Sensor for Honda Accord 2.3L 4 Cyl F23A4 2000-2002 234-9014. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.China Factory Lithium 150ah Battery with BMS AC Outputdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,6 Cyl Head and Rotor [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Cute Cheap Electric Scooter for Lady of 60V800W20ah From Chinashows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Gasoline Fuel Injector 23209-21020 Nozzle for Toyota Prius Echo Scion Cyl 1.5L 1nz(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in2021 Hot Selling Automatic Paver/Hollow/Solid/Curbstone Block/Brick Making Machine in Qt4-18.
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Cost model for variable-Pigment
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Flame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Plastic Sheet Machine PC Polycarbonate Solid; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla140s64f, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
PMMA GPPS Sheet/Board Plastic Extruder Machine/Making Machine. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.PC/PMMA/GPPS Optical Plate/Board Extrusion Making Machine/Extruder, indicated inManufacturer Supply Poly L-Lactic Acid with Lowest Price Raw Material Bulk 79 -33-4 for Food Additives, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Jwell High Quality Pet Sheet Extrusion Machine for Protective Mask$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)PC/Polycarbonate/GPPS/PMMA Sheet Extruder Machine/Plastic. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Uns S31254 En 1.4547 F44 Price Per Kg Super Austenitic Stainless Steel Round Bar Rod. Moreover,Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar by Zeron100 , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Custom Size Round Artificial Stone Stand Alone Soaker Tub Cast Resin Composite Solid Surface Bathtub), maintenance (Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous as Emulsifier in Food Industry), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Against Wall Australian Freestanding Acrylic Bathtubs), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.2507 Uns S32750 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet / Plate, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Endless Pool. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.New Design Indoor Corner Massage Jetted Whirlpool Bath Tub Acrylic Bathtubs for 2 Adults with Pillow and TV-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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