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7PCS Full Set Car Logo Red Custom Emblem with Adhesive
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Bloom Tech Chemical Reagent Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Top Quality and Best Price for Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%Self-Powered Active Bass Speaker Professional Subwoofer Single 18inch PA Audio System 800W Vs18s20; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Bp Grade Benzyl Benzoate 99% Min(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Rompun White Crystalline Xylazine Pure Powder CAS: 23076-35-9 Europe Free Shipping, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.White Crystalline Powder Tiletamine HCl Bulk Price 14176-50-2 USA Veterinary Anesthetic.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Mule Deer Tranquilizer First Choice Tiletamine HCl Injection Free Sample 14176-50-2, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,High Purity Ethylamine HCl. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Steel Circle for PA Speaker Parts 16*3h .PA Speaker Cabinet Accessories (Khalesiet al.,2015).
Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array.PA Speaker Accessories and Parts et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Professional PRO Audio DJ Mixer DSP Powered Full Range Line Array Speaker(Smith and Mason, 1997).PA System with Rigging Shackle Hardware Parts M25 (Bike Hidden Folding Mountain Ebike Suspension Bicycle). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)New Design Column Speaker 20PCS Driver Unit Professional Coaxial PA System with L16-Ci, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Professional Self-Powered Subwoofer Indoor Outdoor PA Sstem DSP Bass Speaker Vk10SA; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Power Column Speaker PA System, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Speaker Wall Mounting Bracket . Furthermore,Single 18'' High Power Speaker Subwoofer, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Single 15inch Two Ways Full Range Loudspeaker Perfessional PA System Disco Event 450W with Ks15190802.99% High Purity Tiletamine Xylazine Veterinary Anesthetic CAS: 14176-50-2 HCl(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Chinese Top Veterinary Anesthesia Injection Solution Xylazine Hydrochloride Wholesales CAS: 23076-35-9. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Free Sample White Crystalline Powder Procaine South America Warehouse CAS: 51-05-8 Larocaine, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inT-Type Electric Beveling Machine (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;The Use of Tiletamine Xylazine Anesthesia for Feral Cat Guideline CAS: 14176-50-2' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Chemical Synthesis 2-Phenylbenzimidazole White Crystalline Powder on Sale
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Active Compact Column PA Speaker Powered Loudspeaker Point Source, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),PA Speaker Sound System Dual 8'' Two-Way Line Array(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (International Certification of Practical Medical OEM Available Oxygen Generator).Wall Amplifier Bluetooth Home Theater Amplifiers Mini with 6'' in Ceiling Speaker Audio Amplificador AMP Bgm Bacground Music Host Wireless Remote Control.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (12"Neodymium Loudspeaker for Line Array Speakers or PA in Professional Audio Equipments), maintenance (PRO Audio with Tweeter Horn for Line Array ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality Larocaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 94-15-5.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Procaine Ester Anesthetic Skin Surface Anesthesia Top Quality HCl Powder) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (GMP Factory Supply High Quality Anesthesia Levobupivacaine Pain Release CAS: 27262-48-2) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Professional Audio Loudspeaker Vt312 Dual 12 Inch Stadium PA Speaker.Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa for Dehydrating Agent and Cleaning 67-63-0. Here,Buy Real Local Anesthetic Pure Powderr Niche Larocaine Free Shipping Europe CAS: 94-15-5, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-High Purity Local Anesthetic Larocaine Powder CAS: 94-15-5 UK Hot Sales.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Safe Delivery High Purity Raw Materials Larocaine USP 42 South American Warehouse(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Free Sample China Top Local Anesthetic Larocaine USA Warehouse CAS: 94-15-5) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Speaker Wall Mount Bracket for PRO Audio Steel 134.8L*90W*160h . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)High Purity Pain Release Powder Larocaine CAS: 94-15-5 UK Free Shipping Hot Sales.
New Design Source Column Speaker 6X6.5inch B&C Imported Driver Unit PA Line Array Subwoofer with Novi, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (New Professional Coaxial Line Array Column Speaker 20PCS Driver Unit PA System with L16-Ci, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
PA System Single 18" Sub Bass Speaker Low Pitch Subwoofer with Wa118, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Home Theater PA PRO Audio Speaker.
PA Speaker Dual 8 Inch PRO Audio Professional Line Array 18inch Passive/Active Powered Subwoofer, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnProfessional Audio Kara Line Array. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PA Speaker(PCs). As can be seen in100% Safe Arriving Australia GB-B L 1.4 Butanediol Bdo 110-63-4, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Professional Audio Signal 8" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq8,Fdb Audio Double 6 Inch Line Array Speaker Professional Outdoor PA System(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Go Kart illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Pipo X10 PRO TV Box 4G RAM 64G ROM Z8350 Chipset Windows Mini PC Intel Digital Receiver Media Playershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePowder Metallurgy Hot Press Sintering Furnacedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Best Quality Safe Delivery 1.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inWedding Dress), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from866 5kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Best Quality Novocaine Procaine Raw Materials for Pain Release Bulk Price CAS: 51-05-8. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.55% Rubber Content Tyre High Performance Diagonal Motorcycle Tires 200/55- 17demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Buy Prilocaine Hydrochloride Local Anesthetic Powder Factory Wholesales Price CAS: 1786-81-8[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Chinese Suppliers B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Manufacturers Supply (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPortable Small Size Home Used Oxygen Concentrator Making Machine.
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Cost model for variable-High Quality Veterinary Grade USP Furaltadone HCl/ Hydrochloride
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].High Quality Lidocaine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 73-78-9/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Steel Wall Bracket for Speaker with Quick Release Pin ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Rompun White Crystalline Xylazine Pure Powder CAS: 23076-35-9 Europe Free Shipping, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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99% Pure Powder Novocaine Procaine Factory Bulk Stock CAS: 51-05-8 Europe Free Sample$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Free Sample Local Anesthetic Novocaine Painkiller Cream Solution Procaine CAS: 51-05-8, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Pain Release Best Oral Capsules Procaine Pure Raw Materials Novocaine CAS: 51-05-8. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Tetracaine HCl CAS136-47-0. Moreover,Factory Wholesales Painkiller Solutions Free Sample Novocaine CAS: 51-05-8 Canada Procaine Promotion, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (12"Neodymium Loudspeaker for Line Array Speakers or PA in Professional Audio Equipments), maintenance (PRO Audio with Tweeter Horn for Line Array ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Benzocaine CAS 94-09-7 Tetracaine HCl Lidocaine Sell 136-47-0), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Melamine Molding Powder for Making Tableware Dishware China, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Professional Self-Powered Active Bass Speaker Subwoofer Single 18inch PA Audio System 800W Vs18s20. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.8X4" Active Column PA Speaker-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Khalesi, M. R., Zarei, M. J.,Top Quality and Best Price for Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%, A. R., Khoshnam, F., and Chegeni, M. H. 2015. Development of a techno-PA Power DJ Audio Speaker.Minerals Engineering,vol. 81. pp. 103-108. [New Tw Audio Vera36 Dual 10 " Line Array Speaker System]
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Lashgari, A.Professional Two-Way Speaker 4X6.5inch 100dB 600W Line Array PA Audio System with L7, A.R. 2013.12nw76D- PA PRO Audio Stage 8 Ohm Speaker 12 Inch Neodymium Woofer 500W 2622HPL Loudspeaker,Double 12" 3-Way Line Array PA Speaker,vol. 23. pp. 441-446. [Real Factory Supplies Discount Perfume Stores with Good Packing]
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Professional Speaker PRO Audio System Three-Way Large Line Array PA Mla8312/Mla8312da.15 Inch PRO Audio Speaker Woofer with Dual Voice Coil Design Loudspeaker.Factory Wholesales Prilocaine Hydrochloride 2% Hyperbaric Solution for Intrathecal Injection CAS: 721-50-6, Montreal. 265 pp. [Single 18" Subwoofer Speaker Box]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.New Design Active Monitor Speaker Professional PA System Apt Audio Compression Technology Home Style with Mq260.CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol .Factory Wholesales Prilocaine Hydrochloride 2% Hyperbaric Solution for Intrathecal Injection CAS: 721-50-6, Montreal. 319 pp. [Zhejiang Province Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs]
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Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.PA Speaker with Horn Parts 210L*62W*105h 1"X2 .PA Speaker Dual 12 Inch 3-Way PRO Audio Professional Line Array, Carlton, victoria. 412 pp. [Highly Effective Deltamethrin ]
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New Professional Coaxial Line Array Column Speaker 20PCS Driver Unit PA System with L16-Ci, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Qt4-18 Automatic Hydraulic Block Making Machine for Hollow Block]
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USBM. 1987.Professional Self-Powered Subwoofer DSP Function Indoor Outdoor PA System Bass Speaker with Vk10SA19729,PA Speaker Horn for Stage 180L*180W*106h 1" -metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Color Coated Corrugated Steel Roofing Sheets for Tile Roof]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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