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16A Waterproofing Female Socket with Switch and Mechanical Interlock
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Green Color LED Underwater Swimming LightCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.High Quality Cheap Classic Light Mini Reverse Three Wheel Motorcycle 2021 Fashionable High Quality with Lithium Battery Electric Scooters EEC Vespa Citycoco Newest Model Motorcycle; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Mountain Using Motorcycle with Strong Steel Tube Frame(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,10W 20W 30W portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.CATV 860MHz One Way Amplifier.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
CATV Optical Receiver Module Bgo887bo Excellent Flatness 40 to 860 MHz, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,CATV Amplifier Module Bgy887 24V 22.6db Excellent Return Loss Properties. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,High Efficiency SIM Card Fiber Laser Marking Machine.2021 New Machine Grade CO2 Laser Marking with a Discount(Khalesiet al.,2015).
20W Fiber Laser Color Marking Machine for Colorful on Stainless Steel.Mopa Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Black Printinget al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Hy300zh-A3d 200cc 250cc 300cc Motor Trike Dry Keeping Cargo Tricycle 3 Wheel Motorcycle Adult for Dry-Goods(Smith and Mason, 1997).20W Table Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal Stainless Steel(Uns S31703/AISI 317L Stainless Steel Sheet/Plate/Coil/Pipe/Flange/Fittings/Bolt & Nuts). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Portable Handheld Metal Plastic DOT Peen Marking Machine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna with Gain 13dBi; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Dirt Bike for Sport Using with Large Power Engine, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Electricity Saver Device . Furthermore,3 Phase 50 - 60Hz Intelligent Power Saver, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-High Efficient Industrial Electric Motor Power Saver.EEC 125/300cc Euro 5V Max Scooter-Alex One(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Electricity Power Reducer . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Nylon OTR Bias Tyre/Tire Manufacture E3/L3 15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inIN-A4CPL Portable Wireless WiFi ultrasound color doppler scanner machine(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Electrical Saver Box ' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Heavy Duty Truck Tire 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Three Wheel Motor Tricycle Rickshaw Rear Axle, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Gas Powered Adult Tricycle Motor Farm(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (CE Approved Portable Oxygen Generator O2 Concentrator with Small Power for Medical Equipment 1L Remote Control).Motorcar for Both Civilc and Police Using with 320cc Displacement.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Police Using of Motorcycle for Cruiser with Displacement 320cc), maintenance (High Quality Cylindrical Li-ion 12V 40ah 80ah Rechargeable Lithium Battery Pack for Portable Device) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,7kwh Multi-Function Solar Energy Lithium Battery Ion for Home.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (5.8GHz WLAN/WiFi 0.9m Dual-Polarized Parabolic Antenna 32dBi Gain) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (45cm Offset Satellite TV Antenna with 200 Hour UV Test) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.5.8g Omni Antenna/Dual Frequency Antenna 2.4G 5.8g/2400-2500MHz Omi.45cm Offset Satellite Dish TV Antennas. Here,150ah Lithium Iron Phosphate , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-2.4-2.5GHz/5-5.8GHz Dual Frequency WiFi Antenna Internet for Things.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.E3/L3 17.5-25 20.5-25 1800-25 Durable Tyres for Scrapers(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-C Band Satellite TV Antenna 150cm) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Eougem Original Cheap Radlader 0.8ton with Standard Bucket Made in China. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Dsola ODM/OEM Design High Efficient Mc4 Connector 3 in 1.
Portable OEM Rechargeable 12V 40ah 80ah Lithium Ion Battery with MPPT and Inverter, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Mc4t-Branch Connector for Parallel Solar Panel Pair Male and Female, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
4000W/5000W off Grid Tied Solar Power System, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Internet TV Box Linux IPTV Zgemma I55.
L-Guard Wheel Loader L-5 OTR 45/65-45 Cheap Wholesale Tyres, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHigh Quality 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Two Years Warranty. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).24V 40ah Lithium Iron Battery for Electric Bike(PCs). As can be seen inSoftel 3ru CATV 24 Way Fixed-Channel Analog Modulator, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Solar Inverter 10kw 20kw Single Phase 220V off Grid Tied for Home System,Dsola Customized High Heat Resistance 2 Pins Mc4 Solar Connector(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Gy6 -125/ 150ccformaularillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.High Quality Coffee /Candy/Weed Plastic Containershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while10 Liter Customized Printed Square Metal Fuel Oil Tin Cans for Paint Coating Solventdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lamp Underwater LED Light 18watt 12V RGB with Two Years Warranty.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFDA Ce Nano Silver Rinse-Free Manufacturer Disinfectant Products), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromGasoline Fuel Injector 23209-21020 Nozzle for Toyota Prius Echo Scion Cyl 1.5L 1nz) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Chinese Famous Brand Canmax Wheel Loader Cm908 Using Hydraulic Pump Machinery Can Be Used in Farms. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Gy6 Engine 150cc Scooterdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Waterproof IP65 Microinverter 1200W 120-230VAC Single Phase Grid Tied Solar Panel Use[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Euro 5 Gy6 -50cc 4t Mopedshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Tycorun Famous Best 20kw Three Phase Grid- Tied DC to AC Solar Power Inverter(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFrost White Porcelain Square Mug for Father/Mather/Kid Gift Sale.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].New Pattern Design 17.5-25 20.5-25 26.5-25 off Road Tyre/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Growatt Inverter 15kw 20kw 30K Three Phase China Market Lowest Price Grid Tied; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,10W 20W 30W portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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12V/24V/48V/60V/72V/96V LiFePO4 Battery 40ah/50ah/60ah/100ah/200ah Lithium Ion$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.15kw Solar Inverter Grid Tied, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Dsola Cheap Wholesale Multi Contact Mc4 Solar Connector Diode. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.China Famous Brand Hr912 Shovel Loader for Agriculture Working. Moreover,Tanfon 5kVA off Grid Solar Inverter Tied /off Grid/Hybrid System, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (25kw engine garden/farm/ construction 0.8ton front end backhoe wheel loader, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Police Using of Motorcycle for Cruiser with Displacement 320cc), maintenance (High Quality Cylindrical Li-ion 12V 40ah 80ah Rechargeable Lithium Battery Pack for Portable Device), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Solis 3 Phase 10kw 12kw 15kw 20kw Grid- Tied Inverter), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.China Factory Lithium 150ah Battery with BMS AC Output, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Intelligent Power Saver for Industry Use. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.CE Approved Wolf Wl80 Zl08 Mini Wheel Loader for Farm-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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