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CCTV Sewer Drain Security Inspection Testing Robot Cameras
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
PVC CPVC UPVC Material Conduit Gas Water Supply and Drainage Pipe Extrusion Production LineCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Zl08f Mini Tractor Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel LoaderIP68 Waterproof High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Pool Light; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Everun 2021 Brand Ce Certificated Er08 Small Construction Machinery Wheel Loader with Snow Blade(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Everun 0.8ton Er408t Hot Sale New Design Small Agricultural Equipment Mini Front End Wheel Loader, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Competitive 3 Phase Pump Power Inverter 3000W 50Hz to 60Hz Frequency Converter.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Wolf Mini Loader Wl80 with Grass Cutter, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Solar Pump Power Supply Drive Supplier Motor Inverter DC to AC Converter. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Eougem 0.8 Ton Payload Zl08 Front End Loader New Hydraulic Articulated Small Wheel.2500*640mm E1 Glue Engineer Veneer Wenge/Oak for Decoration(Khalesiet al.,2015).
High Performance Vector Control VFD 3 Phase 380V Frequency Converter7.5kw Inverter for AC Motor.Zl08 0.8t Articulated Front End Wheel Loader with Pallet Forket al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for CE Er08 Mini Wheel Loader with One-Year Warranty for Sale(Smith and Mason, 1997).Face Veneer Nature Bamboo for Fancy Plywood(CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracycline). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)White Birch Veneer in 0.28mm/Jacky, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Chinese Suppliers Okoume Wood Face Veneer for Malaysia; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Factory-Hardwood Veneer in 1300X2500mmx 0.60mm, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Yn725 G Ce Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader. Furthermore,Variable Frequency Drive VFD Supplier AC Converter 50Hz to 60Hz with Vector Control, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-China Zl08 Payloader 0.8 Ton Min Articulated Hydraulic Mini Front End Wheel Loader.0.8ton Compact Loader Wheel in Europe(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.4 Kw China Frequency Converter Power Supply Motor Drive 3 Phase Inverter. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (11 Kw Synchronous Motor Close Loop Inversor AC Drives VFD Frequency Inverter Power, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in99.9% High Purity Prilocaine Hydrochloride/Prilocaine HCl CAS 1786-81-8(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Front Loader' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Bucket Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Natural Wood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets Comaccord, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),High Quality Ebony Engineered Wood Veneer for Hot Sale(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Good Quality Commercial Plywood for Furniture).China Manufacturer Decorative Engineered Wood Veneer.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Reliable Producer Everun Supply Er08 CE Approved 2021 Hot Sale Compact Mini Wheel Loader with Bucket), maintenance (Gabon Okoume Veneer a B C D Grade From Factory to India) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Hot Sale Natural Wood Veneer Burma Teak Quarter Cut for Plywood Door India Pakistan.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Hot Sale Birch Wood Veneer Core for Plywood) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Pendoo X10 Max International Best Custom Set Top Box 4GB 32GB TV Converter Ott 4K Smart Android) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.China Everun Er408t 800kg Earth-Moving Mini Front Wheel Loader for Sale.Zl08 800kg Mini Tractors with Front End Dumper Loader. Here,China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Buy Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Oil Filter Best Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 22kw.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.AC Drive for Bridge Crane VFD Using Mono Overhead 3pH 380V 15kw(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Construction Machine Mini Loader Zl08 with Factory Price Front End) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Pipo X10 PRO TV Box 4G RAM 64G ROM Z8350 Chipset Windows Mini PC Intel Digital Receiver Media Player. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Hybrid 3kw Solar Grid Tied Roof Top System Home Power.
Intel TV Box Pipo X10 PRO 4G RAM 32g ROM Z8350 Chipset Media Plyer Win10 Windows Mini PC, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Fan Speed Controller Solar Power Inverter China, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Mini 220V Single Phase Input 2.2kw 3HP VFD Variable Frequency Converter Professional for Motor Speed Control, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Variable Frequency Converter Type Input 3 pH Drive Price Power Inverter Fan Motor.
General Type Input 3 pH 380V Frequency Converter Variable AC Drive, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn0.8ton Agricultural Tractor Mini/Small Front Wheel Loader. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Teak Wood Veneer Woven Design for Plywood Door(PCs). As can be seen inSt-10kw/kVA Single Phase Brush Type Electric Generator, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Zl08 Wheel Loader Wl80 Wolf Mini,Zl08 0.8ton Articulated Hydraulic Farm Wheel Loader Tractor(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Small Variable-Frequency Drive illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Electricity Power Reducer shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePortable High Frequency Metal Induction Brazing Welding Soldering Melting Heaterdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Popular hot selling 0.8ton mini wheel loader/ front end loader with bucket on sale.
Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inRectangular Sexy Massage Black Whirlpool Lucite Bathtub with TV), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromVariable Speed Drive Phree Phase Frequency Converter 1000Hz) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.3 Phase AC Drive for Water Pump and Fan. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Offset Quadrant Enclosure Bath Room Tempered Glass Shower Cabin Cubiclesdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,910 Alicosolar 10kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.2.4- 5GHz MIMO Omni Antenna with 2.4G Network Systemshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.E0 Glue1250*2500mm Wenge Engineer Veneer for Decoration(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFactory Wholesale Durable Eco Friendly Compostable Plastic Packaging Produce Bags.
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Cost model for variable-Wood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Rotary Cut Bintagor Veneer for Panels and Furniture with Good Price/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Quanlity 1 Phase 3 AC Drive VFD for Pump; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Everun 0.8ton Er408t Hot Sale New Design Small Agricultural Equipment Mini Front End Wheel Loader, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Factory-Okoume Veneer 0.25mm-0.60mm in a and B Grade. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Engineered Ebony Veneer Ecowood Reconstituted Macassar Quarter Cut, indicated inElectric Scooter Motorcycle/Electric Moto Popular Motorcycle CE Approval 1000W, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
899 Alicosolar 9kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Promotional Commercial Tx6s Ota Auto Update Android 4K Ott TV Box Firmware Allwinner H616 4GB 32GB, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)3phase VFD. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.0.75kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter. Moreover,Round Gloss Tin Can Metal for Edible Olive Oil Canning, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Universal Vector Inverter, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Reliable Producer Everun Supply Er08 CE Approved 2021 Hot Sale Compact Mini Wheel Loader with Bucket), maintenance (Gabon Okoume Veneer a B C D Grade From Factory to India), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Frequency Inverter 220V 50/60Hz 60HP Three Phases Acdrive), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High-Performance Variable Frequency Inverter 3-Phase 380V, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Wl80 Mini Loader From Wolf. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Wolf Mini Wheel Loader Wl950 Farm-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Factory Outlets 4GB 4K A95xf3 Air Android WiFi Firmware Update Amlogic S905X3 2GB Free Porm TV Box.New Product T95 Max+ S905X3 World 9.0 6K 4G Lte Download User Manual for Max 4K Smart Android Box TV.Food Grade 280ml Empty Tin Can for Camellia Oil, Montreal. 265 pp. [Cheap Stage Speaker Design for PA System 200W]
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Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Fan Speed Controller Solar Power Inverter China, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-HK1 S905W 2g 16g 7.1 Android TV Box of New Product Set Top with Low Price Kd Player 17.0.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Electrical Saver Box ]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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