GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.2876 10kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,2879 Free Shipping 10kw 12kw 15kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.AAA Grade 0.9mm Poplar Core/Veneer for Plywood/Furniture.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Radiate Pine Face Veneer, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Grade AA Veneer Furniture Building Material Plywood to Dubai. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,1L Wholesale Round Tin Can for Paint/Engine Oil with Tight Lid.Manufacturer of Enigine Oil Can(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Small Wheel Loader Wl80 800kg Loaders for Farm Work.1L Tin Can for Camellia Oil et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 800W Stadium Lighting Serials LED Projector Light(Smith and Mason, 1997).CE Best Pedal Assist Scooters Motor Powerful Electric Motorcycle for Adults CKD Fashionable Mobility(800W 72V China Electric Tricycle for Handicapped). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Mxq 4K PRO Allwinner H3 Quad 7.1 1GB RAM 8GB ROM H. 265 3D Android Media TV Box, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).2021 Best Sale Fashionable Cheaper High Quality 1000W Adults 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Set Top Box T95q S905X2 4G 32g Android 9.0 HD TV Kodi Quad Core, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Hot Popular Fast Shipping H. 265 Standars Czech Republic Channels Internet TV Box. Furthermore,Junuo China Factory Mini Plastic E Digital Internet TV Set Top Box DVB T2 for Russia, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-5 Litre Extra Olive Oil Tin Can .DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 2.2kw(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Frequency Converterlow Industrial Power Inverter. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (2370 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHeat Sealing Embossed Plastic Vacuum Packaging Bag for Delicatessen(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;China Electric Moped Motorcycle Sale for Adults Mobility E Scooter with Battery' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Solar Pump Inverter Price Quality AC Drive Frequency Converter

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Hot Good Bulk Quality 60V800W20ah Electric Motor Scooter for Ladies(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (High-quality durable LED neon with 12V).Al-Gw6 Fast Electric Motorcycle Speed 60km/H Kits.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Titan Chargeuses Cheap Small Log China Mini Digger Loader with European Quick Hitch), maintenance (Chinese Factory Direct Supply Lithium Battery Electric Scooter LCD Display Motorcycle E-Scooter) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Cheap Chinese Moped Scooter with Lithium Battery Rechargeable Electric Motos Motorcycle.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (2021 Wuxi Best Selling New Type Racing Mobility Adults 2 Wheels Electric Motorcycles E Motos CKD Scooters) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Grid Tied Solar Energy System 5kw 10kw 20kw 50kw 100kw 200kw 300kw 500kw) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.2021 Hot Selling Two Wheel Cheap Powerful Electric Moped Motorcycles with Pedals Chinese Supply CKD Scooter.Titan OEM New Type Qingzhou Loadefr Factory RC Avant Mini Wheel Loaders with Ce. Here,Zl08 0.8 Ton Garden Tractor Pay Loader 800kg Mini, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Titan Mini Loader 800kg New Front End Radloader with Spare Parts Best Shipping Agent Service.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Wolf Shovel Loader E5 for Agriculture Work(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Fast Delivery 2 Wheel Lithium Battery Electric Bike Lady Bicycle Motorcycle in Stock) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Wolf Wl80 Mini Dumper Loader with Bucket. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Everun Er408 800kg Construction Equipment Compact Mini Wheel Loader with Bucket.

Agricultural Machine Small Wheel Loader Mini780 with CE Certificate, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Cheap Price Zl08 0.8ton China Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Tractor Loaders, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Zl08f 0.8ton China Cheap Price Articulated Tractor Front Wheel Loader, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Factory Price Zl08 Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Farm Wheel Loader.

Factory Supply OEM Support Mxq PRO Rockchip Rk3229 Android 7.1 TV Box, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnNatural Okoume Venner 0.90mmx6X9FT. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).All Sizes Good White Recon Veneer(PCs). As can be seen inDeltamethrin 98% Tc Insecticide 2.5 Sc Wholesale 2021, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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15mm Pine Wood Core Block Board for Construction,The New Natural Mahogany Okoume Veneer(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Factory Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate 20.5%N Steel Grade for Agricultureillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Dual 10 " Outdoor Wooden PA System Bluetooth Trolley Smart Speakershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilefor HP Laptop Mc06 11.1V 4400mAh 49wh Li-on Battery Envy M7-N000demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Veneer Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed Repair for Joining Repairing Core Face Door Furniture.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inWholesale Custom Large Capacity Adjustable Shoulder Strap Leakproof Thermal Aluminum Foil Insulated Picnic Cooler Lunch Bag with Top Lid Zipper Pocket), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromZl08 0.8t Articulated Front End Wheel Loader with Pallet Fork) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.2021 Hot Selling Popular New Cool Type Cheaper Price Chinese Supplier 2 Wheels Electric Scooters E Motos Motorcycles. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.0.8ton Zl08f Small Wheel Loaderdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Windows Mini PC Pipo X10 PRO Z8350 Chipset Smart TV Box Android 5.1 4G RAM 64G ROM[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Foshan Factory Wholesale High Quality Living Room Leather Sofashows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.5 Liter Paint Tin Can with Customized Printing Plastic Handle(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inNatural Stone Black Nero Marquina Marble Slabs for Wall/Flooring.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].502 Alicosolar High Quality 30kw on Grid Solar System 30000W Power Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.2382 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,2879 Free Shipping 10kw 12kw 15kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Innopack Food Grade Metal Tin Can for Edible Cooking Oil in Low Price$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Cheapest Price Mxq PRO Rk3229 4K Android TV Box 1GB 8GB Smart Set Top Download User Manual Firmware Update Wholesale Model, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Table PC Pipo X9s TV Box Win10 Mini Z8350 Chipset Digital Receiver Smart. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Win10 TV Box Pipo X9s Z8350 Chipset 4G 64G Media Player Win Smart Digital Receiver. Moreover,Variable Speed Inverter China Frequency Converter AC, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Natural Material Veneer Hand Made Woven for Wall Decoration, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Titan Chargeuses Cheap Small Log China Mini Digger Loader with European Quick Hitch), maintenance (Chinese Factory Direct Supply Lithium Battery Electric Scooter LCD Display Motorcycle E-Scooter), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,458 Alicosolar High Efficiency 10kw on Grid Solar System Kit Home with CE/TUV/ISO for Use), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.5kw Single Phase Home Grid Tied Solar Power System, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

6speed 20inch Wheel Aluminum Alloy Folding Mountain Bike15HP Three Phase Frequency ConverterCorresponding author