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Disposable and printed baby diaper not woven
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Good Effect for Treating Infertility in Women Clom CAS: 911-45-5Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.American Standard Oval Freestanding Thick Rim Bath Tub Made in ChinaHighlighted LED Electric Motorcycle with 60V 800W Power System; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Grey Masterbatch for Plastic Chair(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Plastic Raw Materials Black Masterbatch for PP PE Plastics, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.LDPE Plastic Pellet 30% Black Pigment Color Masterbatch.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Hot Melt Adhesive Film & TPU Making Machine, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Bathroom Acrylic Alone Common Bathtub with Two Side Apron . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Eco-Friendly Materials Narrow Rim Border New Design Freestanding Bath Tub Popular Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs #S014.Stand Alone Tub Small Oval 55 Inch Free Standing Acrylic Bathtub(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Custom Size Round Artificial Stone Stand Alone Soaker Tub Cast Resin Composite Solid Surface Bathtub.Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous as Emulsifier in Food Industryet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Komastu PC60-6 Arm Cyl Oil Seal Kit(Smith and Mason, 1997).Air Drive Multiple Capable Loose Tubes Pipes Beveling Machine(High Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weighing Scale with Manual Hand Telehandler). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)ISY SDC TCM ID Mounted Pipe Beveling Machine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 156sm420; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn827, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate Food Grade. Furthermore,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 142s1173(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Ammonium Polyphosphate . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Color Paste, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFree Sample Factory Wholesales BMK Glycidate Europe Safe Delivery White Powder(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Efficiency Thick Wall Pipe Pipeline Piping System Beveling Machine' names:
►Industry Grade Ammonium Polyphosphate: based on 36-foot,Light Duty Hand Held Boiler Pipe Tube Cutter Beveller,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste,Factory Direct Air Compressor Filter 1931685 P951919 Af4247 C301730 P812363, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Embossed PC Solid Sheet Extruder Machine Making Extrusion Line
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Anti-Scratch PC Polycarbonate Impact Solid Sheet Extrusion Machine, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Welded eyeglass for stainless steel food processing).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 132s1320.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste for Printing and Dyeing), maintenance (Electrical Pipe Tube Cold Working Processing Machine) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,T-Type Electric Beveling Machine .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (3293 Fast Rose Lake B Pigment ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (O2 Oxygen Sensor for Honda Accord 2.3L 4 Cyl F23A4 2000-2002 234-9014) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.6 Cyl Head and Rotor .Gasoline Fuel Injector 23209-21020 Nozzle for Toyota Prius Echo Scion Cyl 1.5L 1nz. Here,Pigment, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Flame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Plastic Sheet Machine PC Polycarbonate Solid(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-PMMA GPPS Sheet/Board Plastic Extruder Machine/Making Machine) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,PC/PMMA/GPPS Optical Plate/Board Extrusion Making Machine/Extruder. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Jwell High Quality Pet Sheet Extrusion Machine for Protective Mask.
Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (PC/Polycarbonate/GPPS/PMMA Sheet Extruder Machine/Plastic, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Uns S31254 En 1.4547 F44 Price Per Kg Super Austenitic Stainless Steel Round Bar Rod, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar by Zeron100 .
S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnAgainst Wall Australian Freestanding Acrylic Bathtubs. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).2507 Uns S32750 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet / Plate(PCs). As can be seen inProfessional Audio 350W Sound System Single 10 Inch PRO Line Array Speaker , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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New Design Indoor Corner Massage Jetted Whirlpool Bath Tub Acrylic Bathtubs for 2 Adults with Pillow and TV,Outdoor Jet Surf Massage Bubble SPA Swimming Pool Hot Tub Combo(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Chinese Top Factory Shipping Guaranteed BMK White Powder Fast Delivery CAS: 16648-44-5illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Wholesale Price Professional PA PRO Audio Sound System Loudspeakershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla154pn006demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Plastic Products Colorful Pellets Resin Raw Material Light Green Color Antistatic Masterbatch Customized.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inMultifunction Party Christmas Decorative Light Projector Mini Laser Show Strobe DJ LED Disco for Halloween), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFactory Direct Wholesale 300- 17 Motorcycle Tire/Tyre) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Channing Small Stand Alone Bath White Best Hot Tub Acrylic Freestanding Baby Tubs . The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Linear Type Thermal Film Packing Machine / Equipmentdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Whole Sale Home Antique Style Large Acrylic Freestanding Bathtub[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Kara Line Array Speakers Double 8 Inch Concertshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Milling Machine Tool F1 Type Boring Head with Shank Adapter for(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inBusiness Laptop Backpack School Travel.
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Cost model for variable-Topstar Looking for Spain After Sales Service Office to Cooperate Our Plastic Injection Molding Machine and Auxiliary Equipment
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Factory Price Fully Automatic Dustbin Injection Molding Machine/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Jwell TPU Matt Cast Film Machine; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Plastic Raw Materials Black Masterbatch for PP PE Plastics, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
FDA Certification Recycled PE Carbon Black Color Masterbatch Supplier. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Topstar Looking for Regional Agency or Partner to Act Our Plastic Injection Molding Equipment, indicated inHuihuang Bamboo Fence Timbers, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Plastic Raw Materials Black Color Masterbatches China Supplier$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.35% Blowing Film Grade Carbon Black Masterbatch Manufacture, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Uns S31703/AISI 317L Stainless Steel Sheet/Plate/Coil/Pipe/Flange/Fittings/Bolt & Nuts. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.2021 New Design Plastic Injection Molding Machine Made in China. Moreover,Carbon Black Masterbatch for Injection Moulding, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (PLA Masterbatch Manufacturers for 3D Printing Filament, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste for Printing and Dyeing), maintenance (Electrical Pipe Tube Cold Working Processing Machine), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,PLA Color Masterbatch for 3D Printing), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.30% to 50% Carbon Content PP Application Making Plastics Product Film, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,V5.0 Fashion Mini Twins Wireless Bluetooth Earphone with Microphone. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Portable in-Ear Invisible Headphones with Charging Case-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
60W LED High Power Bluetooth Speaker Ceiling LightPower Steel Grade Nitrogen 20.5% Industrial Ammonium Sulphate Chemical FertilizerCorresponding author