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Luxury New Disign Hydro Massage Indoor Jacuzzi Bathtub
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Crovell Supply Raw Material CAS 104-29-0 Chlorphenesin for CosmeticCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.18mm Carb Birch Okoumen PlywoodMax Source Fiber Machine Laser Marking for Vin Number; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Retro Electric Motorcycle Scooter (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Carb Approved Birch Plywood, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Low Power Elevator Inverter 12kw with Controller.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
High Quality 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,1.5kw 220V Frequency Converter Single Phase 380 3. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Carb Approved Birch Plywood.Carb E0 Cabinet Grade 18mm Plywood in High Quality(Khalesiet al.,2015).
1.5kw 220V Frequency Inverter Brands AC Drive for Electric Motor.hot selling tractor front end wheel pallet fork loader for argriculturalet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Portable Ultrasonic Ophthalmology Ophthalmic a/B Scan(Smith and Mason, 1997).Titan Mini Earthmoving Front End Loader Wheel Zl08 with Ce Certificate(Light Luxury Ins Style Super Soft Latex Fabric Sofa Nordic Small Family Living Room Double Three People Down). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Carb Bleach White Poplar Plywood LVL 12mm 18mm, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Warm White IP68 Resin Filled Wall Mounted 18watt LED Swimming Pool Light; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Wolf Loader Wl80 Zl08 Radlader Mini Wheel, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.2021 New Design Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty. Furthermore,High Quality Carb Certified Birch Faced Furniture Plywood, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-UV Birch Plywood with Poplar Core Carb E0 Glue From Factory.17 Inch 18 Aftermarket New Design Aluminum Car Alloy Rim(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.China Wolf Wl80 Articulated Mini Loader. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Digital ATSC Receiver Internet TV Set Top Box, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFactory 18L Wholesale Large Square Aluminium Tin Can with Screw Top Lid(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Vimode Buy 2021 Newest 48V Electric Motorcycles Made in China 800W' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,16 17 18 Inch Vossen CV5 Alloy Wheel
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,VFD Air Compressor Asynchronous Variable Frequency Drive, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Tubeless Steel Wheel (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Custom All Kinds Fashion 3D Craft Logo Brass Metal Bookmark Funny Gold Laser Cutting Blank Stainless Steel Engraving Hook Paper Clip Book Mark for Souvenir Gift).Home Application on Grid Tied Solar Power System 3kw.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Home Use Cheap Solar Panel System 10kw Grid Tied Kit), maintenance (2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,5GHz Antenna High Gain 32dBi.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (5GHz Dual Polarization Enclosure WLAN Antenna) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (32dBi 5GHz WLAN Antenna) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Brown Black Opaque Chemical Industrial Container 100ml Flip Top Cap Bottle.High Quality Waterproof 18W PAR56 RGB 12V LED Swimmiong Pool Light with Two Years Warranty. Here,Nicheless Flat Resin Filled Thin 12W Wall Mounted IP68 RGB Underwater LED Swimming Pool Lights, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-2.5A 0.4kw IP20 Jarol Variable Frequency Drive.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.No Flicker Glare Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-High Quality Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,17 Inch Machined Aftermarket Alloy Wheel . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty.
New Electric Beatiful on Road 800W Scooter E-Motorcycle, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (5GHz 15dBi Dual Polarization Enclosure WiFi Antenna, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Modern City Leisure Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Lithium Battery , R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,White Truck Wheel 17.5X6.00 Steel Rims.
7.5kw MPPT with High Efficiency Solar Water Pump Controller, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCarb P2 AA/Bb Grade Birch/Okoume/Bintangor/Poplar Plywood. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).AC Variable Frequency Drive Single Phase(PCs). As can be seen inHot Sale Am 20 "Mountain Bike with 21 Speeds, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Triple Phase Variable Frequency Inverter AC Drive,White Steel Wheel for Truck 17.5X6.00(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Manufacturer Solar Home System 3kwh LiFePO4 Batteryillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.1L Aluminum Tin Can for Food Packaging shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePlastic Raw Materials Black Color Masterbatches China Supplierdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Carb Grade 18mm Commercial Plywood.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inRotary Machine Plywood / Peeling Spindleless Veneer Lathe), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromInnopack 500ml Round Conveyor Belt Glue Tin Can with Caps) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.AC 3 Phase 380V Compact Vectorial Inverter Frequency 220V. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.2021 New Type Fashionable Chinese Supplier Brushless Max Speed 35km/H 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,High Speed Full Size Adult 800W Z1000 Electric Motorcycle[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.IN-BA1 Excellent Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Adults and Children from Chinashows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.AC Drives Frequency Inverter for Dyeing Machine(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inLogistics Cheapest Sea Freight Express.
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Cost model for variable-1220*2440*18mm Birch Plywood with Carb P2 Standard Quality
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Solar Pump Frequency Inverter MPPT Fuction 15kw Made in China/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.China Wholesales Wheel Loader HR912 with Pallet Forks; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Carb Approved Birch Plywood, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
AC Frequency Speed Controller 7.5kw VFD Drives. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Carb P2 Bleached White Poplar Plywood for Furniture, indicated inZhenhua New T5 300cc Motorcycle Efi, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Professional Mini Wheel Loader for Sale with Low Price$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.New Model Chinese Small Loader Front End Wheel for Sale, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Mimo Antenna 13dBi CPE. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.1220X2440X9mm Carb P2 Glue Bleached Poplar Plywood for Furniture. Moreover,5GHz 25dBi Dual Pol Enclosure Antenna, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Bleached Poplar/Birch Carb Plywood, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Home Use Cheap Solar Panel System 10kw Grid Tied Kit), maintenance (2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Weifang Cp Cloud Pillar Brand Ce Approved Zl08 Multi-Function Mini Wheel Loader with Cheap Price), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Newest Kids Pedal Electric Drift Crazy Kart Go, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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