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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
7.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase PumpCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla149sm304China Frequency Inverter Drive AC Motor Speed Controller with Great Price; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150s506(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,ASTM A276 Uns N08904 904L Stainless Steel Plate, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Stainless Steel 17-4pH .
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Alloy Ldx 2101 Uns S32101 Stainless Steel Plate, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,ASME B36.10m Welded Stainless Steel Tube Nps 1 Sch Xxs ASTM B167 Uns N06690. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Cold/Hot Rolled Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet and Plate Price.Uns N26055 Nickel Alloy Welding Inconel Stainless Steel Wire(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla140s64f.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 149s715et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Swedish Soaking Bath Tubs Lowes Plastic Adult Freestanding Bathtub(Smith and Mason, 1997).Auto Feeding Inner Mounted Pipe Tube Beveling Engine(Yn725g 18.5 Kw/2). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Tws True Wireless Headphone Earbud Bluetooth 5.0 New Design, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s355A; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Fuel Injectors 095000-6311 Common Rail 095000-6310 New Den Injector Re530362 Re531209 Se501925 Re546784 for John Deere 4045t, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140sn634. Furthermore,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 147sm327, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s364A.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s424n470(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Wireless Headphone Tws Bluetooth Earphone for Phone. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Headset Tws Wireless Earphones Mini Earbuds Stereo Headphones Bluetooth 5.0, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSofar Grid Tied 100kw Inverter 3 Phase 380V 400V 80kw 125kw 136kw on(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Bluetooth V5.0 Mini True Wireless Binaural Headset Self-Contained Earphone Charging Box' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Cheap Plastic Raw Material Granules Black Masterbatch
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Portable On-Site Pipe Tube Chamfering Chamfer Machine, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),American Standard Oval Freestanding Thick Rim Bath Tub Made in China(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Home Solar Power System Lights Rechargeable Wireless IP55 Waterproof Camping Spotlight).Grey Masterbatch for Plastic Chair.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Plastic Raw Materials Black Masterbatch for PP PE Plastics), maintenance (LDPE Plastic Pellet 30% Black Pigment Color Masterbatch) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Hot Melt Adhesive Film & TPU Making Machine.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Bathroom Acrylic Alone Common Bathtub with Two Side Apron ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Eco-Friendly Materials Narrow Rim Border New Design Freestanding Bath Tub Popular Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs #S014) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Stand Alone Tub Small Oval 55 Inch Free Standing Acrylic Bathtub.Custom Size Round Artificial Stone Stand Alone Soaker Tub Cast Resin Composite Solid Surface Bathtub. Here,Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous as Emulsifier in Food Industry, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Air Drive Multiple Capable Loose Tubes Pipes Beveling Machine.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.ISY SDC TCM ID Mounted Pipe Beveling Machine(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 156sm420) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn827. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate Food Grade.
Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 142s1173, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Ammonium Polyphosphate .
Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Color Paste, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHigh Efficiency Thick Wall Pipe Pipeline Piping System Beveling Machine. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Industry Grade Ammonium Polyphosphate(PCs). As can be seen inChinese Everun Zl08 800kg 0.8 Ton Compact Small Mini Wheel Loader with Snow Bucket, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste,Factory Direct Air Compressor Filter 1931685 P951919 Af4247 C301730 P812363(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Jwell-PLA Pet Sheet Recycling Cup Packing Making Extrusion Machineillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Uns S31254 En 1.4547 F44 Price Per Kg Super Austenitic Stainless Steel Round Bar Rodshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDisodium Phosphate Anhydrous CAS No 7558- 79 -4demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Embossed PC Solid Sheet Extruder Machine Making Extrusion Line.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inMetal Waterproof Standalone Access Controller/Reader), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFactory Outlet Dog Tag Laser Marking Machine for Metal 50W) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Mylar Composite Aluminum Foil Laminated Custom Logo Bag with Ziplockdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 132s1320[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabinshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste for Printing and Dyeing(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inAccurate 4~20mADC Stainless Steel Piezoresistive Water Liquids Customized 1~5VDC Pressure Sensor MPM489.
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Cost model for variable-Electrical Pipe Tube Cold Working Processing Machine
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].T-Type Electric Beveling Machine /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.3293 Fast Rose Lake B Pigment ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,ASTM A276 Uns N08904 904L Stainless Steel Plate, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Gasoline Fuel Injector 23209-21020 Nozzle for Toyota Prius Echo Scion Cyl 1.5L 1nz$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Pigment, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Flame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Plastic Sheet Machine PC Polycarbonate Solid. Moreover,PMMA GPPS Sheet/Board Plastic Extruder Machine/Making Machine, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (PC/PMMA/GPPS Optical Plate/Board Extrusion Making Machine/Extruder, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Plastic Raw Materials Black Masterbatch for PP PE Plastics), maintenance (LDPE Plastic Pellet 30% Black Pigment Color Masterbatch), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Jwell High Quality Pet Sheet Extrusion Machine for Protective Mask), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,PC/Polycarbonate/GPPS/PMMA Sheet Extruder Machine/Plastic. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Uns S31254 En 1.4547 F44 Price Per Kg Super Austenitic Stainless Steel Round Bar Rod-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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