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Nature Series Artificial Engineered Quartz Stone for Vanity Top /Island/ Benchtop
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
JAC300 Series Frequency Converter Three Phase Solar Pump Inverter Power SupplyCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.L18 / 6620- 18 Polegadas PRO Audio Subwoofer Alto Falante 650WChina Exwork Price Emla Cream Raw Materials Lidocaine Prilocaine Local Anesthetic Powder CAS: 1786-81-8; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.OEM Custom Square Rectangle Round Rubber Cover(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,N21% White Granular Ammonium Sulphate, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Vegetable and Fruit Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate Nitrogen 21%.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Agriculture Fertilizer N 21% Ammonium Sulfate, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,21% Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam Grade Crystalline. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Agriculture Fertilizer Nitrogen 21% Ammonium Sulfate China Factory.Power Steel Grade Nitrogen 20.5% Industrial Ammonium Sulphate Chemical Fertilizer(Khalesiet al.,2015).
White Extrusion Granular Ammonium Sulphate China Factory.Granular Grade Ammonium Sulphate N20.5% Nitrogen Fertilizeret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 3kwh Rechargeable Battery Solar Energy Power System(Smith and Mason, 1997).Nitrogen Fertilizer Color Granular Ammonium Sulphate 20.5+24s(Matt Food Packaging Child Proof Zipper Plastic Stand up Pouch Water &Air & Smelly Kraft Film Laminated Food&Tea&Coffee&Candy Bag). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)China Suppliers Alone Type Wraped Beam Disc Machenism Padlock, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Dust Proof Steel Shackle Padlocks with Master Key; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Padlock-G38PDP, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Breaker Lock. Furthermore,Padlock, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Alone Type Wraped Beam Leaves Iron Padlock .Fuso Truck & Bus Turbo Td04 49377-03041 Me201258 for 4m40 Engine Mitsubishi Pajero(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Gt1544s 454083-0001 1002829 Garrett Engine Turbo for Vw Passat. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Engine Parts Turbocharger for Mercedes-Benz Om906 La K27.2 Om366/Om642/Om362/Om441/Om442/Om447/Om457, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFood Packaging Bag(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Gt1544sm Tdi Engine Bnm 045253019d 733783-5008s 733783-5007s Turbo' names:
►Universal Turbo T3t4 T04e T3.63 Ar + 76mm 3" Intercooler Pipe Piping Kit: based on 36-foot,Truck Parts Turbocharger for Mercedes-Benz/Chrysler/Dodge Om647 Gt2256 6470900280 736088-0003,FPM FKM Viton EPDM SBR Cr Silicone NBR Rubber Parts,Gt1541V 704765-0003/708450-0018 Turbine Wheel Shaft for 700960-0011, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Gt1544sm 733783-5007s Turbo for Volkswagen Fox 1.4L Tdi Engine Bnm
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Cosmetic Grade 99% Purity All Trans Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin/Vitamin a, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Customized Rubber Spacer Black Silicone Bushing(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Christmas Light Changeable SMD 5050 Flexible LED Strip AC220V/110V Decoration).Gym Rubber Flooring Floor Mat Roll.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Ihi Turbocharger 2001-04 Peugeot), maintenance (Gt1749V ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,2004-10 for Volkswagen.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Borg Warner BV45 Turbo 5303-988-0337 Core Chra for Nissan) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (T250-04 452055-5004s Turbocharger for Gemini III Engine) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Gtb1749vk Turbo Cartridge 798128-0004 for 2011- Peugeot Boxer.Gt3776D 466819-5004s 1823560c92 Turbo for Ford F650 Navistar. Here,Gt1749vk 798015-0002 A6710900380 Turbo for Ssang-Yong Korando C200 2.0 D20dtf Engine, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Gt1544V 740611-5002s 28201-2A400 Turbo for Hyundai Verna.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Aftermarket BV45 53039880337 Turbocharger for 2010-12 Nissan Pathfinder Navara Engine(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Factory Supply Glycyl-L-Tyrosine) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS 443- 79 -8. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Glycyl- L-Tyrosine; 658- 79 -7.
L-Pyroglutamic Acid, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS Number 443- 79 -8, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
98% Uvarigranol B\C\D\E Standard Reference Materials Plant Extracts, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Longyu Produce Nano Copper Oxide Nanoparticles 1317-38-0.
High Purity 99.0%Min. Ademetionine Disulfate Tosylate , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCentella Asiatica Extract 99% Asiaticoside 16830-15-2. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Crovell Supply Raw Material CAS 104-29-0 Chlorphenesin for Cosmetic(PCs). As can be seen inWhole Sale Hammerhead 150cc Go Kart with Parts, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Polyethylene Green Color Masterbatch,Pipe Bevelling Machine (CSFM) is presented here as an example.CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%/Ipa 99.9%/Isopropanol 99.9% Used as Dehydrating Agent and Cleaning in Pharmaceuticals/Cosmetics/Plasticsillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Motorcycle Spare Parts High Quality Flasher 6V 12V Gy6 -125 Tvs Star Bajaj Bm150shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while1L Tin Can for Camellia Oil demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,ISO Certificated Company Supply Skin Whitening Retinoic Acid Powder.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inGarage Tool Car Wheel Alignment Machine Price), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromRoof Mounting 20kw Grid Tied Solar Power System Home) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Green Color HDPE Masterbatch. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Titan OEM New Type Qingzhou Loadefr Factory RC Avant Mini Wheel Loaders with Cedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Blue Masterbatch for Film[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.1L Empty Round Brake Fluid Can Boxesshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Yellow Color Plastic Masterbatch(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inNew Empty Cosmetic Packaging Fragrance Glass Perfume Wholesale Sprayer Bottle.
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Cost model for variable-Yellow HDPE Masterbatch
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Universal LPG Gas Completed ECU Conversion Kit/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Act Best Seller CNG LPG Gas Car Emulator; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,N21% White Granular Ammonium Sulphate, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
CNG/LPG Rail Injector Type Gas 4 Cylinders. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Act MP 48 ECU Switch/Act 2568d Switch, indicated in10W 4" Inchs LED Dimmable Downlight for Room, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Fuel Gas Cylinder ECU 2568d Map Sensors$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Motorcycle Act 2568d 6cyl 8cyl ECU Conversion Kit, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Auto Vehicle Gas Conversion Kit CNG Seqential Injection Kits. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Electric Pipe End Bevelling Machine. Moreover,T-Electric Pipe Bevelling Machine , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Pneumatic Pipe Beveling Machine High Performence, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Ihi Turbocharger 2001-04 Peugeot), maintenance (Gt1749V ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Act CNG LPG Fuel System 2568cyl ECU Kits), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Factory Directly Sell Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Oil Cup, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Plastic Green Color Masterbatch. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.4 Cyl CNG Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Sequential Injection System-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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