GENERAL PAPERS

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S. Arfania; A.R.Single 8inch Professional Loudspeaker Two-Way Full Range Festures KTVNitrogen Fertilizer N21% Min Ammonium Sulphate White Granular; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Quality 8'' Coaxial Audio Speaker for Long Throw Distance(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Wall Mount Speaker Bracket , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Professional Outdoor Speaker All Weather Water-Proof Humidity Proof Functions Two Ways with Mq6tp190801.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Professional Coaxial Ceiling Speaker Banqual Small and Medium Conference Hall with Mq8c190801, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Waterproof Loudspeaker Wall Mounter 8inch Lt208/Lt208t. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Wireless PA System for Classroom and Church.All-Weather Compact 2-Way Coaxial Loudspeaker with 15" Lf(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Big Subwoofer Line Array Speaker , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inNew Driver Beyma Professional Speaker Line Array PA System Single 18" Sub Bass Subwoofer with Wa218PRO(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Ts218 Dual 18" Speakers Subwoofer Speaker Box' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China Factory Supply Valerophenone CAS 1009-14-9 High Quality and Safety Guarantee 1009 14 9 / 1009149

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Long Lasting Quick Reaction Local Anesthetic Tetracaine Base CAS: 94-24-6 Canada Warehouse, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),CAS No.: 67-63-0 Ipa 99.9%/ Isopropyl Alcohol Isopropanol 99.9% Used for Pharmaceutical(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (27-60cm Soft Stuffed Plush Baby Toy Love Dog Sleeping Cushion).Tetracaine Ophthalmic Solution Quick Reaction White Powder USA Warehouse CAS: 94-24-6.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Single 5"Two-Way Full-Range Loudspeaker Small Scale Indoor with Tx5c), maintenance (High Qualty Line Array Loudspeaker) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,DSP Active Line Array Speaker.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Neodymium 12inch 932lap Professional Powered DSP Line Array Speaker) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (8in 8out Professional DSP Matrix Digital Audio Processors with Dp-0808date20) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx1220.New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx820. Here,Recording Studio Equipment Vera Series Super Power Speaker Box, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx620.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Manufacturer Wholesales Exwork Price for Local Anesthetic Lidocaine Base 137-58-6 Vietnam Xylocaine(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-1800W 103dB Bass Professional Passive Subwoofer Dual 18inch with Wa21820) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Line Array Horn of Professional Audio 170L*160W*140h 1" . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Single 18'' Low Frequency Sub-Bass.

Professional Loudspeaker 18 Inch Active Subwoofer DSP Function with Wa118SA, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Outdoor PRO Audio Loudspeaker, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Doule 8'' Mini Line Arry Loudspeaker, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Waterproof Loudspeaker Wall Mounter 15inch Mq-15cp.

Vera12 New Design 800watts 12" Audio System Line Array, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnSingle 15 Inch High Quality Bass. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Professional Audio Speaker Column Sound Equipment(PCs). As can be seen inMotorcyle for Both Oil and Water Cooling, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.China Inverter Manufacturer 3 Phase Power Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz AC Driveshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePowered Concert Theater High Performance PA System Power Sub Bassdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Small Column White Color Church Conference Room Speaker.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSinocharm Brc a Approved IQF Plum Halves Cut Frozen), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide Resin) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Peq-18SD1 18'' Bass Reflex Active Powerful Subwoofer. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Feedback Tied Malaysian Virgin Hairdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Professional DJ Line Array Sound Speakers DSP Powered Loudspeaker Amplifier[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Empty Gal Metal Round Tin Can 118ml 4oz Bundi PVC Pipe Glue Bottle with Brushshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Theater Professional Line Array Speaker(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inUniversal Material Tester.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Guangzhou Skytone Vera S18 18'' New Design Line Array Subwoofer/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Double 6inch Powered Line Array Speaker; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Wall Mount Speaker Bracket , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Vrx932 Horn Line Array Professional Manufacturer. Moreover,Professional Subwoofer Bass Speaker Single 18inch 98dB 600W with Vk18b190819, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Srx715 Single 15" Speaker Cabinet PRO Audio System, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Single 5"Two-Way Full-Range Loudspeaker Small Scale Indoor with Tx5c), maintenance (High Qualty Line Array Loudspeaker), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Vera 12 Loudspeaker Line Array Speaker System), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Professional Loudspeaker Column Speaker Line Array with L7, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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