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Manufacturer of baby diapers printed cotton color small waist band with magic ribbon
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
PA System 5 Inch 100V 20W 8ohm Rimless Coaxial 2-Way Ceiling Speaker with Kevlar DriverCost modelling for flotation machines
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Latest L Shape Genuine Leather /Bonded /PU /Fabric Flat Bedroom Furniture Sofa Bed, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Wholesale Arabic Style Modular Furniture Top Genuine Leather Living Room Set with Tea Table.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Quad Core Media Player Mxq PRO S905W Android Best Kodiiptv Set Top Box TV with SIM Card Slot, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,High Quality Footbath Sofa / Foot Massage. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa .SP-KS410) Customized Fabric Softwood Frame Sofa(Khalesiet al.,2015).
IPTV Reseller Panel for Qhdtv Susbcription 1year Code Wholesale 1500+ Live & VOD Sports News Channels Arabic French Belgium African Andoird TV Box.Modern European Style Noble House Furniture Large Sectional Fabric Sofaet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 20MHz Probe Ophthalmology Ultrasound MD-2300S(Smith and Mason, 1997).Factory Offer Nordic Removable and Washable Livingroom Fabric Sofa(Perkins Engine Spare Parts Belt Seal - Cyl Head Cover Gasket Cylinder 1206A-E70ttag1 1206A-E70ttag2 1206A-E70ttag3 3652973 T407192 T416223). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)1 Year Qhdtv Abonnement IPTV Subscription Code Europe Spain Portugal France Italia Arabic Italy French Belgium for Android Smart TV Box M3u, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).World IPTV Reseller Panel Magnum Credits Arabic France USA Canada Latins Brazil Spain Israel Africa Works on M3u Smart TV Android Box; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,800kg Wheel Loader Mini 780 Radlader, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Quilted Fabric Sofa Couch Bed Set Armchear Furniture. Furthermore,AC Drive Three Phase High Performance Vector Control Variable Frequency Converter VFD, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Modern Home Hotel Lesuire Corner Single Fabric Living Room Sofa.Living Room Furniture(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Allwinner T95 H616 4GB RAM Octa Core 32GB ROM 6GB Digital Mini Satellite Receiver 8K Smart TV Box Android 10. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Cheapest Set Top Box Mxq PRO Rk3229 Android 7.1 Quad Core 1GB 8GB TV, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inMopa Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Black Printing(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Nordic Leather Sofa Modern Simple Three Seats' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Tx6s H616 4GB 32GB VGA IPTV Brasil Android RAM ROM 6GB 8K 2GB 16GB 10.0 2021 Box TV
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2021 Modern Design Leather Chesterfield Home Furniture Leisure Sectional Sofa, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),High Quality European Style Modern Furniture(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Vivid Turtle Shoulder Bag Plush Baby Tortoise Backpack).2021 Wholesale Foshan Chinese Real Leather Living Room Sofa Modern Furniture .
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (VFD Ultra-Low-Noise Delixi 55kw 720va Variable Frequence Inverter), maintenance (Modern Home Furniture Living Room Leather Fabric Electric Massage Lounge Leisure Recliner Sofa) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,7.5kw VFD Drives/ Frequence Inverter/Converter/ AC Drive Enc.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Wholesale Folding Bed Recliner Sofa Beds Fabric) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Modern Furniture) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Foshan Factory Wholesale High Quality Living Room Leather Sofa.Tx6s H616 32GB ROM Recorder Android 4GB RAM Stick Set Top 2021 SIM Card Ott WiFi Andriod Smart TV Box. Here,Motor Electronic Power Frequency Converter 380V 2.2kw, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Pipo X8 Mini PC Smart TV Box.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Twisan Honoured Production 800kg Small Front End Loader with High Quality(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Frequency Inverter 380V 50/60Hz) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,15kw Frequency Inverter for Solar Panel and Fan Pump Input 380-600V DC. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)AC Drive for Bridge Crane VFD Using Mono Overhead 3pH 380V 11kw.
Mini Variable-Frequency Drive/ VFD /Adjustable-Frequency Drive /Afd/ Variable-Voltage/Variable-Frequency /Vvvf/Drive/ Variable Speed /VSD/AC, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Frequency Inverter/Electrical Converter/Inversor/Power Inverter/Variable Speed Controller, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
50 to 60 Hz Frequency Converter, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,AC Variable Vector Frequency Inverter.
Chinese Supplier of Variable Frequency Drive/AC/DC Motor Speed Controller, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnAC Drive Solar Charge Controller 3 pH Inverter Welding Machine Elevator Motor Price. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).AC Drive Frequnce Converter 5.5kw Pump Use (PCs). As can be seen inChina Plywood for The Furniture/Construction, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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VFD AC Drive,Automatic Motor Speed Controller Variable AC Drive 1/3 Phase 1.5 Kw 220 V/380 V(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Vin Number Fiber Laser Marking Machineillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.2021 New Design RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light for Intex Pools or Themeshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePAR56 316ss 18watt LED Underwater Swimming Pool Lights with PC Nichedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Water Pump Frequency Inverter.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in15W LED Solar Light for Indoor Use with 30W Panel), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPharmaceutical Grade Raw Powder 99% Purity Medrogestone 977- 79 -7) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.VFD Motor Drive Inverter Converter 1.5kw / 2.2kw 220V Variable Frequency. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Motorcycle Scooter Rear Clutch Assembly for Gy6 -90 Enginesdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,VFD AC 380V 1.5kw Three Phase Inverter Frequency Converter Variable Drive[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Active Speaker with LED Display 15"500W Full Range Bluetooth H-15pshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Variable Speed Drive MPPT Motor Controller Solar Pump Inverter Power Supply(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHot Sale Factory Low Price 2g7 G23 LED Bulb Light Lamp with Ce.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Frequency China Vector Control AC Drive Power Supply Inverter Solar Converter/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.0.8ton Zl08f Small Wheel Loader; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Latest L Shape Genuine Leather /Bonded /PU /Fabric Flat Bedroom Furniture Sofa Bed, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Loading Machine. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Mini Radlader with Ce for Germany and Sweden Market, indicated in55" HD 1080P Commercial LED Screen Video Wall LCD Display, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
China Compact Payloader Zl08 Mini Front End Wheel Loader with Ce$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Farm Equipment 800kg Small Loader Payloader for Sale, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Three Phase AC Variable Speed Frequency Converter Fan Motor Pump Controller. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.0.8t Multifunctional Hydraulic Wheel Loader for Farm. Moreover,Android TV Box X96 Air 4GB 32GB Media Player, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (China Articulated Wheel Loader Mr 908 Euro Style 800kg /0.8ton Mini for Sale, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (VFD Ultra-Low-Noise Delixi 55kw 720va Variable Frequence Inverter), maintenance (Modern Home Furniture Living Room Leather Fabric Electric Massage Lounge Leisure Recliner Sofa), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Construction Equipment Mini Wheel Loader with Quick Hitch), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Avant Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader for Sale, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Chinese Mini Radlader 800kg Wheel Loader with Pirce. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Frequency Converter 0.5 HP-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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