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Supply China Control Frequency Converter VFD Power Transformer Motor DriveCost modelling for flotation machines

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Factory Supply Glycyl-L-Tyrosine(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS 443- 79 -8, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Glycyl- L-Tyrosine; 658- 79 -7.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

L-Pyroglutamic Acid, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS Number 443- 79 -8. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,98% Uvarigranol B\C\D\E Standard Reference Materials Plant Extracts.Longyu Produce Nano Copper Oxide Nanoparticles 1317-38-0(Khalesiet al.,2015).

High Purity 99.0%Min. Ademetionine Disulfate Tosylate .Centella Asiatica Extract 99% Asiaticoside 16830-15-2et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Pharmaceutical Raw Material CAS 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium Powder(Smith and Mason, 1997).Crovell Supply Raw Material CAS 104-29-0 Chlorphenesin for Cosmetic(Professional Manufacture Y Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PV). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Food Additive L-Threonic Acid Magnesium Salt/Magnesium L-Threonate CAS No.: 778571-57-6, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Polyethylene Green Color Masterbatch; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Pipe Bevelling Machine , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.ISO Certificated Company Supply Skin Whitening Retinoic Acid Powder. Furthermore,Green Plastic Masterbatch Blowing Film Grade, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Green Color HDPE Masterbatch.Blue Masterbatch for Film(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Yellow Color Plastic Masterbatch. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Yellow HDPE Masterbatch, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inGy6 /Jog Motorcycle Spare Parts Regulator/Rectifier(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Universal LPG Gas Completed ECU Conversion Kit' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Motorcycle Act 2568d 6cyl 8cyl ECU Conversion Kit

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Auto Vehicle Gas Conversion Kit CNG Seqential Injection Kits, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Electric Pipe End Bevelling Machine(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Pure Natural Aromatherapy Oils Lavender Frankincense Peppermint Rose Rosemary Sandalwood Premium Essential Set Fragrance Perfume).T-Electric Pipe Bevelling Machine .

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Pneumatic Pipe Beveling Machine High Performence), maintenance (Act CNG LPG Fuel System 2568cyl ECU Kits) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Factory Directly Sell Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Oil Cup.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Plastic Green Color Masterbatch) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (4 Cyl CNG Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Sequential Injection System) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.3cyl 4 Cyl 6cyl 8cyl LPG/CNG Injector Rail.L Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Car 4 Cyl Sequential Injection System. Here,High Quality Diesel Engine Parts 4 Cyl Pump Rotor Head 096400-0371, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Diesel Engine Parts Injection System Nozzle Dnopd619.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Supply API 99%Min Dalbavancin CAS 171500- 79 -1 Raw Material Powder(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Diesel Engine Parts Fuel System Nozzle Dlla145pn574) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Master Batch Organic Colors. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Orange Color Masterbatch.

Plastic Purple Color Masterbatch, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Plastic Grey Color Masterbatch, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Free Sample Color Masterbatch ABS PE Non Toxic for Injection Molding, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Cosmetic Grade Liquid Form 70% CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid.

Health Raw Material Dibasic Sodium Phosphate CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4 with High Quality, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnCosmetic Raw Material 99% Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).ISO and SGS Factory Provide L-Arginine Nitrate 749- 79 -33(PCs). As can be seen inLashes 3D Wholesale Vendor Full Strip False Eyelashes 20mm, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Factory Provide Top Quality L-Carnitine Fumarate 99% 90471- 79 -7,Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS No.: 90471- 79 -7 with High Quality(CSFM) is presented here as an example.25kw engine garden/farm/ construction 0.8ton front end backhoe wheel loaderillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Dsola ODM/OEM Design High Efficient Mc4 Connector 3 in 1shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while1167 Single Phase 3 110V/220V/380vgrid- Tied Inverter for Residential or Commercial Application 3kw-80kwdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Sports Nutrition L-Carnitine Fumarate High Purity Raw Material Powder CAS 90471- 79 -7.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inEmpty 300ml 500ml 10oz 16oz Clear Beverage Cold Pressed Juice Brewing Milk Tea Coffee Drinking Glass Bottle with Metal Cap), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromMorel Free Shipping 10kw on Grid Tied PV Solar System Home Use for Lighting Heating Air Conditioner) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Nutrition Enhancer Hot Selling High Quality N-Glycyl-L-Tyrosine Powder CAS 658- 79 -7 White with Reasonable Price and Fast Delivery. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Factory Price Ammonium Sulfate for Crystal Compound Fertilizerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS.: 90471- 79 -7[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Supprot OEM Software Android 9.1 Rk3228 2GB and 16GB Wholesale TV Boxesshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla152sm043(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWholesale OEM Private Label 15ml Color 039 Nail Gel Polish.

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Cost model for variable-Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156sm139

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 152sn924/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Auto Engine Diesel Parts Fuel Injector Common Rail Nozzle Dlla162p2266; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS 443- 79 -8, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156s820. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Tws Bluetooth Earphones with Charging Cases Wireless 5.0 Earbuds Headphones for iPhone, indicated inThree-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PA Speaker, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150sn902$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Tws Sport Headset Stereo Headphone Earphone with Charging Box Black, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)3D Stereo Sound Mini Headphone Built in Microphone & Dual Speakers for Phone Calls. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.New Products Charging Case Mini Small Headphones Tws Earbuds Wireless 2021. Moreover,Transparent Nylon 12 Resin Raw Material Polyamide Granules, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (PA12 Natural Resin Transparent Granules Pellets Polyamide Price, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Pneumatic Pipe Beveling Machine High Performence), maintenance (Act CNG LPG Fuel System 2568cyl ECU Kits), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,PA12 Plastic Granule for Injection Molding Polyamide 12 Resin Nylon), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.PA12 Injection / Extrusion Molding Polyamide 12 Nylon Granules, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Nylon 12/Nylon Granules/Polyamid 12/Transparent Glasses Frame. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets/Resin Equivalent with Tr90 for Glasses Frame-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Pharmaceutical High Purity Peptides Powder CAS No. 113- 79 -1 Argipressin Acetate.Good Taste Maltose Sugar Hot Selling Price 69- 79 -4.Good Quality Food Additive Maltose Powder 69- 79 -4, Montreal. 319 pp.         [Free Clearance USP40 Tetracaine Base Skin Surface Anesthesia Pain Reliever Cream CAS: 94-24-6]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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