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Kanghu Doctor's Mask /Medical Surgical /Ear Hanging /White/Type Iir
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Manufacturer Solar Home System 3kwh LiFePO4 BatteryCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.2021 New Design Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty1L Aluminum Tin Can for Food Packaging ; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Quality Carb Certified Birch Faced Furniture Plywood(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,UV Birch Plywood with Poplar Core Carb E0 Glue From Factory, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.17 Inch 18 Aftermarket New Design Aluminum Car Alloy Rim.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
China Wolf Wl80 Articulated Mini Loader, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Digital ATSC Receiver Internet TV Set Top Box. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Vimode Buy 2021 Newest 48V Electric Motorcycles Made in China 800W.High Quality Aluminum Alloy Wheels Rims(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Truck Rim Steel Polished 17.5 Inch Wheel.Sunpal 150kw Solar Grid Tied System Low Priceet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Vrx932 Horn Line Array Professional Manufacturer(Smith and Mason, 1997).5GHz 19dBi Enclosure WLAN Antenna(Plastic Raw Materials Black Color Masterbatches China Supplier). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)16 17 18 Inch Vossen CV5 Alloy Wheel, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).VFD Air Compressor Asynchronous Variable Frequency Drive; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Tubeless Steel Wheel , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Home Application on Grid Tied Solar Power System 3kw. Furthermore,Home Use Cheap Solar Panel System 10kw Grid Tied Kit, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports.5GHz Antenna High Gain 32dBi(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.5GHz Dual Polarization Enclosure WLAN Antenna. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (32dBi 5GHz WLAN Antenna, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHot Sale Dual 10 " Speaker PRO Audio (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Brown Black Opaque Chemical Industrial Container 100ml Flip Top Cap Bottle' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Quality Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,17 Inch Machined Aftermarket Alloy Wheel , blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Easy Sight Wireless Inspection Pole Camera Motor-Driven Head).New Electric Beatiful on Road 800W Scooter E-Motorcycle.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (5GHz 15dBi Dual Polarization Enclosure WiFi Antenna), maintenance (Modern City Leisure Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Lithium Battery ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,White Truck Wheel 17.5X6.00 Steel Rims.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (7.5kw MPPT with High Efficiency Solar Water Pump Controller) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Carb P2 AA/Bb Grade Birch/Okoume/Bintangor/Poplar Plywood) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.AC Variable Frequency Drive Single Phase.17.5X6.75 Heavy Duty Truck Trailer Steel Wheel Rim. Here,Triple Phase Variable Frequency Inverter AC Drive, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-White Steel Wheel for Truck 17.5X6.00.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Carb Grade 18mm Commercial Plywood(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Highlighted LED Electric Motorcycle with 60V 800W Power System) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,AC 3 Phase 380V Compact Vectorial Inverter Frequency 220V. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)High Speed Full Size Adult 800W Z1000 Electric Motorcycle.
AC Drives Frequency Inverter for Dyeing Machine, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (1220*2440*18mm Birch Plywood with Carb P2 Standard Quality, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Solar Pump Frequency Inverter MPPT Fuction 15kw Made in China, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,China Wholesales Wheel Loader HR912 with Pallet Forks.
AC Frequency Speed Controller 7.5kw VFD Drives, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCarb P2 Bleached White Poplar Plywood for Furniture. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Professional Mini Wheel Loader for Sale with Low Price(PCs). As can be seen inInnopack 500ml Round Conveyor Belt Glue Tin Can with Caps, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Mimo Antenna 13dBi CPE,1220X2440X9mm Carb P2 Glue Bleached Poplar Plywood for Furniture(CSFM) is presented here as an example.2021 New Type Fashionable Chinese Supplier Brushless Max Speed 35km/H 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycleillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.IN-BA1 Excellent Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Adults and Children from Chinashows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileMini Nameplate Pneumatic Engraving Machinedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,5GHz 25dBi Dual Pol Enclosure Antenna.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inMurano Galss Beads Charm Pendant for Snake Chain Bracelet), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromWhite Crystalline Powder Painkiller Levobupivacaine Skin Surface Anesthesia CAS: 27262-48-2) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Weifang Cp Cloud Pillar Brand Ce Approved Zl08 Multi-Function Mini Wheel Loader with Cheap Price. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Custom Liquid Stand up Pouch Spout for Food Packagingdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Newest Kids Pedal Electric Drift Crazy Kart Go[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Genuine Perkins Diesel Engine Spare Parts T414546 Original Cylinder Head Assemblyshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Zl08 Mini Small Garden Farm Tractors Compact Front End Wheel Loader(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in31ton Operating Weight Wheel Dozer/ 340HP Wheeled Bulldozer.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].New Generation Engine Er08 Wheel Loader with CE/Bucket for Sale/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.7.5MHz/10.0MHz Msk/Vascular Use Wireless Ultrasound Equipment; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,UV Birch Plywood with Poplar Core Carb E0 Glue From Factory, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Whole Sale Hammerhead 150cc Go Kart with Parts, indicated inTws Sport Headset Stereo Headphone Earphone with Charging Box Black, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Earthmoving Equipments Mini Wheelloader Wl80 Loader Radlader$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.10MHz Linear Vascular/Anesthesia Portable Wireless Ultrasound Scanner, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Advanced 7.5MHz/10MHz Superficial Organ Use Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.WiFi Probe Type 2 in 1 Double Head Wireless Mini Color Doppler Ultrasound. Moreover,Weifang Cp Cloud Pillar Ce Approved 800kg Multi-Function Mini Loader with Quick Hitch/Electric Joystick/Floating Function for Germany/Norway/Finland, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Aj-Bmd500 New Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (5GHz 15dBi Dual Polarization Enclosure WiFi Antenna), maintenance (Modern City Leisure Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Lithium Battery ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,18watt Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lamp with Two Years Warranty), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.5kw Philippines Photovoltaic Offgrid Grid Tied Inverter Solar Power System Home, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Solar Power System 8kw Grid Tied Solution. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.CE China manufacturers mini wheel loader for sale at cheap price-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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