GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.L18 /86138-Good Feedback! Professional 18 Inch PA Speaker 1500W RMS Neodymium Subwoofer(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,L18 / 6620- 18 Polegadas PRO Audio Subwoofer Alto Falante 650W, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.OEM Custom Square Rectangle Round Rubber Cover.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

N21% White Granular Ammonium Sulphate, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Vegetable and Fruit Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate Nitrogen 21%. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Agriculture Fertilizer N 21% Ammonium Sulfate.21% Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam Grade Crystalline(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Agriculture Fertilizer Nitrogen 21% Ammonium Sulfate China Factory.Power Steel Grade Nitrogen 20.5% Industrial Ammonium Sulphate Chemical Fertilizeret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Uns S31703/AISI 317L Stainless Steel Sheet/Plate/Coil/Pipe/Flange/Fittings/Bolt & Nuts(Smith and Mason, 1997).White Extrusion Granular Ammonium Sulphate China Factory(China Exwork Price Emla Cream Raw Materials Lidocaine Prilocaine Local Anesthetic Powder CAS: 1786-81-8). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Granular Grade Ammonium Sulphate N20.5% Nitrogen Fertilizer, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Nitrogen Fertilizer Color Granular Ammonium Sulphate 20.5+24s; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,China Suppliers Alone Type Wraped Beam Disc Machenism Padlock, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Dust Proof Steel Shackle Padlocks with Master Key. Furthermore,Padlock-G38PDP, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Breaker Lock.Padlock(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Alone Type Wraped Beam Leaves Iron Padlock . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Fuso Truck & Bus Turbo Td04 49377-03041 Me201258 for 4m40 Engine Mitsubishi Pajero, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inMatt Food Packaging Child Proof Zipper Plastic Stand up Pouch Water &Air & Smelly Kraft Film Laminated Food&Tea&Coffee&Candy Bag(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Gt1544s 454083-0001 1002829 Garrett Engine Turbo for Vw Passat' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,FPM FKM Viton EPDM SBR Cr Silicone NBR Rubber Parts

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Gt1541V 704765-0003/708450-0018 Turbine Wheel Shaft for 700960-0011, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Gt1544sm 733783-5007s Turbo for Volkswagen Fox 1.4L Tdi Engine Bnm(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Cutomized Cabinet Solid Surface Floor Standing Modern Bathroom Vanity).Cosmetic Grade 99% Purity All Trans Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin/Vitamin a.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Customized Rubber Spacer Black Silicone Bushing), maintenance (Gym Rubber Flooring Floor Mat Roll) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Ihi Turbocharger 2001-04 Peugeot.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Gt1749V ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (2004-10 for Volkswagen) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Borg Warner BV45 Turbo 5303-988-0337 Core Chra for Nissan.T250-04 452055-5004s Turbocharger for Gemini III Engine. Here,Gtb1749vk Turbo Cartridge 798128-0004 for 2011- Peugeot Boxer, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Gt3776D 466819-5004s 1823560c92 Turbo for Ford F650 Navistar.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Gt1749vk 798015-0002 A6710900380 Turbo for Ssang-Yong Korando C200 2.0 D20dtf Engine(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Gt1544V 740611-5002s 28201-2A400 Turbo for Hyundai Verna) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Aftermarket BV45 53039880337 Turbocharger for 2010-12 Nissan Pathfinder Navara Engine. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Factory Supply Glycyl-L-Tyrosine.

Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS 443- 79 -8, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Glycyl- L-Tyrosine; 658- 79 -7, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

L-Pyroglutamic Acid, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS Number 443- 79 -8.

98% Uvarigranol B\C\D\E Standard Reference Materials Plant Extracts, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnLongyu Produce Nano Copper Oxide Nanoparticles 1317-38-0. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).High Purity 99.0%Min. Ademetionine Disulfate Tosylate (PCs). As can be seen inWaterproof Loudspeaker Wall Mounter 15inch Mq-15cp, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Crovell Supply Raw Material CAS 104-29-0 Chlorphenesin for Cosmetic,Food Additive L-Threonic Acid Magnesium Salt/Magnesium L-Threonate CAS No.: 778571-57-6(CSFM) is presented here as an example.China Wolf Wl80 Articulated Mini Loaderillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%/Ipa 99.9%/Isopropanol 99.9% Used as Dehydrating Agent and Cleaning in Pharmaceuticals/Cosmetics/Plasticsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileMotorcycle Spare Parts High Quality Flasher 6V 12V Gy6 -125 Tvs Star Bajaj Bm150demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Polyethylene Green Color Masterbatch.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inICTI Eco-Friendly Plastic Action Figure Customed Sexy Christmas Gift Toy), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromLaunch Thinkcar Thinkdiag Full System OBD2 Diagnostic Tool Powerful Than Easydiag with 3 Free Software) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.ISO Certificated Company Supply Skin Whitening Retinoic Acid Powder. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.38mm 42mm CATV Plug in 0~20dB Hfc Attenuator Paddemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Green Plastic Masterbatch Blowing Film Grade[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Titan OEM New Type Qingzhou Loadefr Factory RC Avant Mini Wheel Loaders with Ceshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Green Color HDPE Masterbatch(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWidely Used Concrete Block Making Machine/Automatic Machine for Sale.

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Cost model for variable-Blue Masterbatch for Film

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Yellow Color Plastic Masterbatch/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Yellow HDPE Masterbatch; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,L18 / 6620- 18 Polegadas PRO Audio Subwoofer Alto Falante 650W, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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CNG/LPG Rail Injector Type Gas 4 Cylinders$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Act MP 48 ECU Switch/Act 2568d Switch, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Fuel Gas Cylinder ECU 2568d Map Sensors. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Motorcycle Act 2568d 6cyl 8cyl ECU Conversion Kit. Moreover,Auto Vehicle Gas Conversion Kit CNG Seqential Injection Kits, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Electric Pipe End Bevelling Machine, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Customized Rubber Spacer Black Silicone Bushing), maintenance (Gym Rubber Flooring Floor Mat Roll), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,T-Electric Pipe Bevelling Machine ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Pneumatic Pipe Beveling Machine High Performence, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Act CNG LPG Fuel System 2568cyl ECU Kits. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Factory Directly Sell Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Oil Cup-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

Apr125-2 White MotorcycleFactory-Full Baltic White Birch Plywood From Factory 12mm 15mmCorresponding author