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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
New Tw Audio Vera36 Dual 10 " Line Array Speaker SystemCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.PA System Single 18" Sub Bass Speaker Low Pitch Subwoofer with Wa118Body Sculpting Vela Smooth Velashape Device Liposuction Price Machine for Sale; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Home Theater PA PRO Audio Speaker(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,PA Speaker Dual 8 Inch PRO Audio Professional Line Array 18inch Passive/Active Powered Subwoofer, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Professional Audio Kara Line Array.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PA Speaker, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Bupivacaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 14252-80-3. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Professional Audio Signal 8" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq8.Fdb Audio Double 6 Inch Line Array Speaker Professional Outdoor PA System(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Best Quality Safe Delivery 1.Cheap Price Speaker Wall Mount Bracket et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Supply High Purity Oxalyl Chloride CAS: 79 -37-8(Smith and Mason, 1997).Best Quality Novocaine Procaine Raw Materials for Pain Release Bulk Price CAS: 51-05-8(Bost Motorcycle Parts Accessories Air Filter for 2-Wheel 4-Stroke Gy6 -125 -150 Bikes). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Buy Prilocaine Hydrochloride Local Anesthetic Powder Factory Wholesales Price CAS: 1786-81-8, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Manufacturers Supply ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,High Quality Veterinary Grade USP Furaltadone HCl/ Hydrochloride, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.High Quality Lidocaine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 73-78-9. Furthermore,Steel Wall Bracket for Speaker with Quick Release Pin , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Procaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 51-05-8.CAS No.: 67-63-0 Senior Quality Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.99% Pure Powder Novocaine Procaine Factory Bulk Stock CAS: 51-05-8 Europe Free Sample. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Free Sample Local Anesthetic Novocaine Painkiller Cream Solution Procaine CAS: 51-05-8, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFrequency China Vector Control AC Drive Power Supply Inverter Solar Converter(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Pain Release Best Oral Capsules Procaine Pure Raw Materials Novocaine CAS: 51-05-8' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Melamine Molding Powder for Making Tableware Dishware China
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Professional Self-Powered Active Bass Speaker Subwoofer Single 18inch PA Audio System 800W Vs18s20, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),8X4" Active Column PA Speaker(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Jbw- 300b /500b Metal Impact Testing Machine with Computer Control).Chinese Lidocaine Hydrochloride CAS 73-78-9 HCl.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Professional Speaker with Hanging Hardware Parts Horizontal ), maintenance (PA Power DJ Audio Speaker) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,PA PRO Audio Stage 8 Ohm Speaker 12 Inch Neodymium Woofer 500W 2622HPL Loudspeaker.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Professional Two-Way Speaker 4X6.5inch 100dB 600W Line Array PA Audio System with L7) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (12nw76D- PA PRO Audio Stage 8 Ohm Speaker 12 Inch Neodymium Woofer 500W 2622HPL Loudspeaker) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Double 12" 3-Way Line Array PA Speaker.Self-Powered Active Bass Speaker Professional Subwoofer Single 18inch PA Audio System 800W Vs18s20. Here,PA Speaker Parts&Accessories Back Plate Speakon Nl4 , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Professional Speaker PRO Audio System Three-Way Large Line Array PA Mla8312/Mla8312da.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.15 Inch PRO Audio Speaker Woofer with Dual Voice Coil Design Loudspeaker(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Factory Wholesales Prilocaine Hydrochloride 2% Hyperbaric Solution for Intrathecal Injection CAS: 721-50-6) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,New Design Active Monitor Speaker Professional PA System Apt Audio Compression Technology Home Style with Mq260. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol .
PA Speaker Parts of T24 12 Inch , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (PA Speaker with Horn Parts 210L*62W*105h 1"X2 , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
PA Speaker Dual 12 Inch 3-Way PRO Audio Professional Line Array, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,CAS No.: 67-63-0 Colorless Transparent Liquid Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol.
Food Grade L Selenomethionine Powder/L-Selenomethionine, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn120W 12" Portable Polywood Cabinet Trolley Speaker with 2 UHF Mics. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Powersoft Professional Line Array Active Subwoofer Column System DSP PRO Audio Speaker PA Ml15SA(PCs). As can be seen inInverter, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Granular Ammonium Sulphateshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHighly Effective Deltamethrin demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,PA Speaker Horn for Stage 180L*180W*106h 1" .
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHot Selling Steel Tube with Oxford Canopy Folding Tent Carry Bag), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCeftriaxone Sodium 99% API CAS 104376- 79 -6 for Injection Grade) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.China Exwork Price Emla Cream Raw Materials Lidocaine Prilocaine Local Anesthetic Powder CAS: 1786-81-8. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Super Power LED Lighting 100W Flicker Free Ceiling Lampdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,99% Amide Type Lidocaine Prilocaine Cream USP 2.5% Local Anesthetic Raw Powder CAS: 1786-81-8[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Factory Bulk Stock Pmk Intermediates BMK White Powder CAS: 16648-44-5shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Aluminium Back Plate for PA Speaker (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFaddish Campus Day Polyester Sublimation Printing Backpack School Rucksack Knapsack.
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Cost model for variable-Full Range Portable Multi-Fuction Speaker Box
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Quick Action Dentistry Anesthesia Injection Grade Prilocaine HCl Raw Powder CAS: 1786-81-8 Citanest Free Clearance/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Lidocaine Hydrochloride CAS 73-78-9 HCl; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,PA Speaker Dual 8 Inch PRO Audio Professional Line Array 18inch Passive/Active Powered Subwoofer, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
PA Speaker Parts . Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Active Monitor Speaker Professional PA System Aptaudio Compression Technology with Mq250190801, indicated inHigh Speed CKD SKD Pedals Disc Brake Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Olderly or Adult, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Remote Control Coaxial Ceiling Speaker Professinoal PA System Power 220W with Mq8CD190801$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Line Array PA Speaker System Stage 12inch Monitor PRO Audio, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Wholesale Price Professional PA PRO Audio Sound System Loudspeaker. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Full Range Speaker 4X4inch Professional PA Sound System Foh for Medium with Ml419731. Moreover,Music PA Speaker Double 12 Inch Full Range, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (PA Column Speaker Empty Alu. Cabinet 4.5" , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Professional Speaker with Hanging Hardware Parts Horizontal ), maintenance (PA Power DJ Audio Speaker), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,PRO Audio Speaker 12 Inch Sub PA Passive Speakers), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.PA Speaker Steel Back Plate , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Professional Speaker Power Line-Array Actives Stage Loudspeaker PA System with Vs12. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Line Array with Aluminum Rigging Parts for PA Speaker -feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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PA Speaker with Horn Parts 210L*62W*105h 1"X2 , A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-OEM ODM Public DJ PA Wooden Speaker.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Professional Audio PA Subwoofer Component Speakers Bocinas]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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