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6207/6208- O&Kai Original High Quality Deep Groove Ball Bearings Factory
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
7.5 Liter Protein Powder Tubs Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic ContainerCost modelling for flotation machines
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Xylazine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 23076-35-9 for Antinociceptive(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Bulksupplement Vitamin a Acetate 0.5miu Ws Feed Grade CAS No 127-47-9, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Low Price Malonic Acid / Propanedioic CAS 141-82-2.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
2 Way Active Full Range Speaker Mini Portable Powered Loudspeaker, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,L-Arginine Nutritional Supplements Arginine Flavoring Agents. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Indoor DJ Stage Two Way Active Line Array Cabinet Box.PA System 5 Inch 100V 20W 8ohm Rimless Coaxial 2-Way Ceiling Speaker with Kevlar Driver(Khalesiet al.,2015).
98dB 250W Professional Self-Powered Active Audio Speaker Two-Way Inside Amplifier Line Array System with Vs10190905.Lucky Tone SIP PA System 15W Poe Ceiling Speaker with Built-in Amplifier and Fire Dome for Public Addresset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Yellow HDPE Masterbatch(Smith and Mason, 1997).Glycine Methyl Ester Hydrochloride (Food Packaging Vacuum Pouch). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Isoquinoline-5-Sulphonyl Chloride Hydrochloride CAS 105627- 79 -0, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Vitamin a Palmitate 1.0m; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,High Purity 99% Oxalyl Chloride with Good Quality, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.2-Cyclohexylethanol . Furthermore,L-Pyroglutamic Acid, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Reliable Supplier of Chlorphenesin/104-29-0 with Best Price in Stock! !.Vitamin a Palmitate Powder 500 Cws-Gfp(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.L-Pyroglutamic Acid. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (China Hot-Selling Glycolic Acid Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inInverter with Factory Price 3 Phase 60Hz to 50Hz 380V Variable Frequency Drive(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Supply High Purity Oxalyl Chloride CAS: 79 -37-8' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Sugammadex Sodium CAS 343306- 79 -6 Manufacturer and Supplier
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Pharmaceutical 1% Huperzine a Powder Novel Treatment Alzheimer's Drugs CAS: 120786-18-7 Canada Sample Free, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Rifamycin S 96% CAS: 13553- 79 -2(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Custom Cheap Antique Silver Memory Souvenir Old Medal Enamel Epoxytop Quality Customized Gold Award Sports Corporation).Professional Audio Speaker System Sing 8 Inch Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (High Quality Hydroxyacetic Acid Glycolic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade), maintenance (Outdoor PA System Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array Speaker) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Plant Extract Huperzine a 1% Nootropics CAS: 102518- 79 -6.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (High Quality Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride Powder Feed Grade CAS 79 -57-2) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Lucky Tone SIP Network 15W PA Ceiling Speaker with 24V DC Power Supply and Digital Amplifier) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.High Purity Amino Acid L-Arginine Powder.Potassium 2. Here,PA Audio Church Theater Three-Way Large Touring Line Array Speaker Sound System, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Professional Speaker System Single 8 Inch 200W Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Factory Supply Top Quality Cooling Agent Ws-3 CAS 39711- 79 -0(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Professional Audio Speaker Active Single 8 Inch Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Professional Audio Speaker Single 8 Inch 200W Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Professional Speaker System Single 15 Inch High Power Line Array Aw15.
PA Speaker Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PRO Audio, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Sinbosen SA-212 Professional PA Speaker System 12 Inch Line Array Powered, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Hench Hot Sales Raw Material Powder Oxytetracycline, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx1020.
Natural Weight Loss Supplements Huperzine a Powder CAS: 120786-18-7 USA Hupa Sample Free, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnPharmaceutical Chemical Tretinoin Powder with Excllect Effect Safe Ship. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).High-Purity Chemical Raw Materials 2-Phenylbenzimidazole Powdered Pharmaceutical Intermediates(PCs). As can be seen inAvant Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader for Sale, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Mammut Hot Sale Wl12 1ton Electric Control Mini Front End Wheel Loadershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while45kw Mf Induction Heating Machine Heaterdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Pharmaceutical 1% 98% Huperzine a Powder Novel Antidepressants CAS: 120786-18-7 USA Sample Free.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCement Block Making Machine Sale in Ethiopia), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromOutdoor Speaker Dual 10 Inch Line Array) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.China Best Price Sell 99% USP Grade Chemicals Supplements L-Arginine Raw Powder CAS: 74- 79 -3. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS.: 90471- 79 -7demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech 3-Dimethylaminophenylboronic Acid CAS 178752- 79 -9[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.4800-6500MHz 29dBi MIMO Dish Antenna 28dBi Parabolicshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Safe Shipping with Good Price Tretinoin Powder(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHigh quality breathable baby layer with surroud Ealst full belt.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Bloom Tech Chemical Material Topiramate CAS 97240- 79 -4/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.100% Water Soluble Vitamin a Palmitate Powder Retinyl; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Bulksupplement Vitamin a Acetate 0.5miu Ws Feed Grade CAS No 127-47-9, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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High Quality Aod-9604 CAS 221231-10-3 Aod 9604 Peptides 2mg for Loss Weight$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracycline, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Azd3759 CAS No. 1626387-81-2. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Food Additives L-Arginine with Top Quality. Moreover,Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech Sodium 4-Methylbenzenesulfinate CAS 824- 79 -3, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (99% Purity 1, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (High Quality Hydroxyacetic Acid Glycolic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade), maintenance (Outdoor PA System Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array Speaker), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,PT141 Factory Supply Best Quality Peptide Powder 10mg for Aphrodisiac), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High-Purity Cosmetic Additives Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol China Factory Direct Sales, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,2-Aminoanthraquinone CAS No 117- 79 -3. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Quality Tretinoin 302- 79 -4 with Good Price-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Khalesi, M. R., Zarei, M. J.,professional Line-Array Dual12" Three-Way Tri-AMP Ease Features 150W 300W 750W 16 Omega Sound Reinforcement System with Vt312190816, A. R., Khoshnam, F., and Chegeni, M. H. 2015. Development of a techno-High Fidelity Professional Line Array Speaker .Minerals Engineering,vol. 81. pp. 103-108. [Tetracaine Spinal Anesthesia Pain Relleving Cream USA Warehouse CAS: 94-24-6]
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Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Cosmetic Grade L-Arginine with High Quality.320000 Iu CAS127-47-9 Retinyl Vitamin a Acetate/Retinol Acetate.Powered Speaker System for Home Theater, Montreal. 319 pp. [Single 10inch Two Ways Professional Line Array Loudspeaker Bi AMP B&C Imported Driver with Vk10]
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Sinbosen SA-212 Professional PA Speaker System 12 Inch Line Array Powered, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-New Arrival Mr Series Audio Mixer with DSP Mr-10fx.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [90/90-21 China Super Cheap Motorcycle Tire/Tyre]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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